Obstacles For Women s Participation - 1862 Words

Obstacles to Women s Participation in Sports The obstacles to women’s participation in sports are categorised into three and these are financial, non-support and time. Financial Influence Findings from the study indicate that playing sport requires an ability to pay for facilities and services. Participants complain that the high cost involved in paying for the facilities serve as a deterrent to their sports participation especially for those who have limited income. Non-affordability and inability to pay on time to play truncates regular participation. The services that participants say they require include: employing highly skilled and qualified professionals (coach, instructors, and etcetera), a physiotherapist, equipment†¦show more content†¦This is a major challenge for them. Mothers in situations like this say, what they normally do is to save up towards payment of registration fees. This creates the problem of irregular participation for them since they have to wait and not play until a period they are able to raise money for the payments. Findings in the study show that participants who have the habit of impulse spending, tend to unavoidably find them selves spending more than their budget can support. They end up with financial troubles especially during sales periods for sports products. For moms, kids also add to the financial troubles in the case where kids want their moms to buy items they did not budget for. Buying sale items and customized items which participants actually do not need or not plan for increase the financial burden of participants. This situation makes it more expensive and more difficult for participants to afford as they should and play as they wish. Additional cost and miscellaneous spending on items like- diet/drinks, and memorabilia associated with play go on to increase the cost of participation. For the team and non-team participants interested in owning or renting equipment, it is very challenging because participants complain that apart from the high cost, time becomes an issue since participants will have to wait for their turn to rent. The circumstance of this nature ends up altering play. Even th ough there is availability and access

Choosing Cooking Essay Topics

Choosing Cooking Essay Topics Many students think that it is a waste of time. If you're an undergraduate studying at the university, then that is what you need to select. School should occur in the evenings. Year round school isn't a good idea. The Cooking Essay Topics Game The reader ought to take the author's side by the close of the reading. When you have read our helpful on-line article, we'd like to provide something you couldn't even imagine. Be attentive to the size it must be and get started writing the narrative essay outline. Should you need some help to locate a very good topic for your expository essay assignment, you can utilize EssayTopicGenerator.com. When you're assigned to compose an expository essay, the very first thing you will have to know is the way to write it. When you try to find a great research paper topic, you are able to easily develop into the severest critic of any proposed idea. In the end, a student can provide short strategies on the best way to win the game. Explain why you especially delight in a specific teacher. Food plays a pivotal function in maintaining appropriate wellbeing. Making home-made food also saves plenty of money. Cooking is easily the most interesting activity that everyone can be involved in. Cooking at home is much like eating in a restaurant in lots of ways. Occasionally, it can be stressing over how to earn a delicious meal. Most individuals are too preoccupied to prepare such foods. A long time ago, they ate foods that are really safe for their wellness. Children should have to read more. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. They should talk to their children about drugs at a young age. Prospective parents ought to be asked to take parenting classes. In reality, giving a sample in your essay may be a practical learning experience, and whenever your teacher grades you, you're know precisely where you went wrong which prospective employers aren't likely to inform you about. Your essay is supposed to concentrate on why schools insist their students learn a foreign language and the way it can really help in somebody's overall improvement. Therefore, if you'd like to have nontrivial expository essay topic that necessitates thorough research, choose something which refers to a technological field of study. S ome students utilize the very first idea which arrives in their head and work on it, but the outcome isn't successful. An analysis of the recent trends of same-sex marriages and the way in which they affect society ought to be part of your essay. In the present society, gender means much more than it used to. You just have to dig into current social problems of the local community and find the foundation for topics from that point. The Lost Secret of Cooking Essay Topics Folks are taking a look at the quantity. Explain'' is to express the info on this issue to be able to make it even more understandable to the reader. To compose a cooking essay, you might describe the procedure for cooking of some dish. Cooking gets personal once you inject your character to the food that you're going to make. As a passion, it gradually improves when you are always inspired to make different dishes as a way to satisfy your partner or family member. For several people it's a great habit, they find that cooking can be a manner of expression of thoughts and inspiration. The paper posits that, although the usage of beef has dropped, it's still popular and international. Talk about the idea of cross-contamination when preparing food and why it's dangerous. Definition of Recipes The idea of making food has ever been an intriguing topic in the general public and individual homes. The process of earning cakes is extremely easy.

Research Literacy for Health Practice- Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Clearly Identify a Problem relevant to a group/organisation and discusses what evidence-based Information has been found relevant to best-practice as a solution. 2.Clearly Identify Ethical Implications associated with the proposed research project based on relevant studies. Answers: Introduction Transcultural communication is difficult to be implemented in health care as the patients expect the health care professions to understand their preferences. On the other hand, the care providers face difficulty due to linguistic barriers, and missing of non-verbal messages, even when the translators are present. It is the common issue where the health care professionals fail to acknowledge the similarities and differences in people from culturally diverse background (Holland 2017). Australia being the multicultural society demands Transcultural nursing in the health care organisation. The crux of Transcultural nursing is good communication between the health care providers and the patients. Communication in Transcultural nursing refers to acknowledging the individuals culture, beliefs and practices. It is the best practice necessary to bridge the cultural gap. It will ensure the acceptable Transcultural care. Various strategies have been developed to address this issue but there lie s an uncertainty about communication change. This issue has been prominently highlighted in the recent and old peer review journals (Giger 2016). In regards to the issue, the essay discusses the relevant literature pertaining to the issue and the evidence based information regarding the best practice as solution. 1.As a research manager, I have identified from my research that in Melbourne hospital, a client of refugee background was admitted to emergency department. He was suspected with TB and was isolated. There was no hospital staff that spoke Kirundi, Swahili or Congolese languages. Since, the patients children spoke English no interpreter was recruited. Later a social worker who visited the client arranged for an interpreter. It was discovered later that the client was afraid of dying of AIDS, which was then highly prevalent in Africa (Professionalsaustralia.org.au 2017). In the health care industry, I have observed that the professionals have to interact with peers and patients from different cultural background. Thus, nurses require communication in different forms to advocate their patients. When nurses fail to communicate with people from culturally and linguistically diverse communities, the patients interpret it as bias, prejudice, consequently influencing the quality of care. The best practice solution to the barriers in Transcultural nursing is the cultivation of the cross-cultural communication skills. According to Taylor et al. (2013), there must be efficient and skilful use of the interpreters cultural competency. Interpreters, nurses and physicians must learn the culturally competent communication skills both verbal and no verbal. These skills are required to identify the patients values, practices, beliefs, unique health care needs and perceptions. These skills are required in all types of health settings may it be palliative, geriatric care, mental health, paediatric and any other setting. It includes use of basic grammar, simple and common words, knowing the multilingual signs, bilingual words and phrases, pictograms, and asking politely for paraphrasing important points. Cultural competency while communication includes starting a statement with Is it clear or can you understand. The literature also suggests that there is a need of culturally flue nt approach for nurses to cultivate good communication skills in nursing. Other factors necessary to implement this solution are awareness, sensitivity, good listening, and patience. It will help improve the communication across cultures. It will also ensure the personal and professional relationships (Silverman et al. 2016). Various strategies, models and theories have been developed to improve communication style in Transcultural nursing. However, there are barriers to implementing theory into practice. For instance, a Middle Eastern patient in ICU may suddenly wake up and request seriously to pray facing Mecca. Similarly, Chinese patient may refuse to take pain relief medicine, post operation considering it an impolite offer. In order to deal with these challenging situations, the nurse must have comprehensive understanding of the ethnic and cultural norms of culturally diverse people living in the society (Giger, 2016). In addition the, patients may fear using interpreters for breach of privacy and confidentiality of the information. It prevents the professionals from establishing the therapeutic relationship. The cost of using interpreters is high and is not always possible to recruit them in stressful environment. The indigenous Australians in remote areas and other ethnic minorities face language b arrier commonly. They thus, lack access to health care facilities. It also hinders the process of clinical handover and conveying of critical information (Espinosa et al. 2013). Cross-cultural training is the best way to promote effective communication in health care. It will improve the skills and attitudes of health care professionals to interact effectively with refugees, immigrant nurses and patients and other patients from culturally and linguistically diverse communities (Lee et al. 2015). 2.A focus group can be recruited in Melbourne hospital comprising of the doctors, nurses and the other health care staff to implement the solution of cross cultural communication skills. However, the focused group participants must have awareness of the ethical implications associated with the communication in diverse health care system. Ethics is an important parameter for health care providers as they deal with life and death of people. They are accountable for misdiagnosis, medical errors and misinterpretations in clinical care (Kourkouta and Papathanasiou 2014). Thus, ethical factors must be considered before implementing the cross-cultural communication system. Informed consent is the heart of any research process. It is the fundamental health behaviour. If the participants do not know that they are part of research, it may not serve the purpose. Other ethical implications arise due to breach of four principles that is autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice (Ganz et al. 2015). Non-maleficence is the obligation of not inflicting any intentional harm to the participants by the researcher. Due to language barrier, a health care provider may unintentionally harm a patient (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2017). Eliminating miscommunication between the conveyer and recipient reduces the gap and help to achieve the research aims and objectives. The same in cross-cultural nursing when practiced ensures beneficence of patients. Justice refers to ethical decision making. It involves equal participation of all the members of the focused group and respecting their opinions, rights, preferences and given equal opportunity to give ideas. The h ealth care providers must also engage in making justice to the patients by respecting their cultural norms and beliefs and ensure safety. Right to autonomy of all research participants should be ensured. They must have autonomy to withdraw from the project anytime and their valuable contribution. Similarly in health care setting, they must have the health care providers must ensure patients autonomy in health care decisions (Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2017). The research project comprise of low risk as it deals with health care providers and targets people who can give consent and are all above 18 years old. The research project will be conducted in the Melbourne hospital itself in a safe environment. The focused group only involves in discussions and there is no scope of troubled spots. A written consent will be given by the researcher to ensure the protection of privacy and confidentiality of the information collected during focused group discussion (Sellman 2016). Thus, I think it will be helpful to successfully complete the ethics application form as there will be no breach of justice, autonomy, respect and confidentiality. Conclusion Cross-cultural communication is an effective tool to address the health issues of culturally diverse patients. It determines patient satisfaction and improvement in the health outcomes. It is a best practice to decrease the rate of medical errors. To avoid communication gap it is necessary to eliminate the cultural gap. By knowing the multilingual signs, bilingual words and phrases, pictograms and other customs of Indigenous patients, refugees and other immigrants, their needs can be identified rapidly. It will prevent delay in diagnosis and provide solutions in a proactive manner. As a ethics advisor the recommendation has been reviewed and the ethical implications related to recruitment of focus group has been discussed. The implications has been related with the ethics application form. References Espinosa, M., Keller, H. and Westphal, N., 2013, June. Educational outcomes and effects on cross-cultural communication skills of an international experience for undergraduate STEM students through Michigan Technological University's Pavlis Institute for Global Technological Leadership. InProc. of the 120th ASEE Annual Conference, Atlanta, GA(pp. 23-26). Ganz, F.D., Wagner, N. and Toren, O., 2015. Nurse middle manager ethical dilemmas and moral distress.Nursing ethics,22(1), pp.43-51. Giger, J.N., 2016.Transcultural Nursing-E-Book: Assessment and Intervention. Elsevier Health Sciences. Holland, K., 2017.Cultural awareness in nursing and health care: an introductory text. CRC Press. Kourkouta, L. and Papathanasiou, I.V., 2014. Communication in nursing practice.Materia socio-medica,26(1), p.65. Lee, A.L., Mader, E.M. and Morley, C.P., 2015. Teaching Cross-Cultural Communication Skills Online.Family medicine,47(4), pp.302-8. Nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au. 2017.Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia - Professional standards. [online] Available at: https://www.nursingmidwiferyboard.gov.au/Codes-Guidelines-Statements/Professional-standards.aspx [Accessed 22 Aug. 2017]. Professionalsaustralia.org.au., 2017.THE CASE FOR CHANGE Consequences and costs of failures in the translating and interpreting industry. [online] https://www.professionalsaustralia.org.au. Available at: https://www.professionalsaustralia.org.au/translators-interpreters/wp-content/uploads/sites/43/2015/03/The-Case-for-Change_EMAIL.pdf [Accessed 24 Aug. 2017]. Sellman, D., 2016. The practice of nursing research: getting ready for ethics and the matter of character.Nursing inquiry,23(1), pp.24-31. Silverman, J., Kurtz, S. and Draper, J., 2016.Skills for communicating with patients. CRC Press. Taylor, S.P., Nicolle, C. and Maguire, M., 2013. Cross-cultural communication barriers in health

United Arab Emirates and Norway Economies

United Arab Emirates and Norway Economies: Comparative Analysis Introduction According to Central Intelligence Agency or CIA (2015a; 2015b), both Norway and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) are countries that heavily rely on oil and gas sector of their economies. Natural oil resources have given both countries an impetus towards fast development and, as a result, their economic indices appear to be among the highest.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on United Arab Emirates and Norway Economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this paper, the economic factors of the two countries are analyzed, and their policies are described; some assumptions about their future development are presented, and a conclusion about their diversification decision is made. Countries Overview. Microeconomics Figure 1: Current GDP in Norway and UAE, $US, 1990-2015 (World Bank 2015). Microeconomics is the part of the economics devoted to the individual sectors and companies within a country’s economy. We shall provide a short overview of the factors that are relevant for the countries’ economy and certain economic factors. A more holistic view of the economies will be presented in the next part of the paper (Gottheil 2013). The UAE is a union of the emirates of Abu Zaby (Abu Dhabi), ‘Ajman, Al Fujayrah, Ash Shariqah (Sharjah), Dubayy (Dubai), Ra’s al Khaymah, Umm al Qaywayn; the state was created in 1971 with the capital in Abu Dhabi (CIA 2015a, para. 2). UAE purposefully avoided the â€Å"Arab Spring†. The country is the third-largest OPEC producer, but the country has been attempting to reduce its dependence on the oil resources quite successfully (Carpenter Khan 2015). The area of UAE includes only land 83,600 km2 with 4.6% of the land involved in agriculture.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The labour force of the country amounts to 4.891 million people, and 78% of it is employed in the services sector. The population of UAE is a peculiar resource. 70% of the UAE population is concentrated in Abu Dhabi and Dubai; 16% are in Sharjah (UAE NQA 2013, p. 3-4). What is more important, no more than 20% of the country’s population is Emirati. Expatriated people make up the most of the country’s workforce. The country exports crude oil, natural gas, dried fish, dates, and reexports. Imports include machinery and transport equipment, chemicals, and food (CIA 2015a, para. 1-6). The industries of UAE include ‘petroleum and petrochemicals; fishing, aluminium, cement, fertilizers, commercial ship repair, construction materials, handicrafts, textiles’, and the industrial production growth rate is 3.5% (CIA 2015a, para. 6). Figure 2: GDP growth in Norway and UAE, %, 1990-2015 (World Bank 2015). According to CIA (2015b), after a thousand y ears worth of unions, Norway was granted independence in 1905. In the 1960s, oil was discovered in the country’s adjacent waters which boosted its economy. Norway is a member of NATO, European Economic Area, and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The land area of Norway is 304,282 km2; water area equals 19,520 km2; 2.7% of the land is involved in agriculture. The Norwegian economy is a mixed one, and the country is described as a prosperous one. The country’s economy is dependent on the natural resources, primarily the petroleum sector (30% of the country’s government revenue); other resources include fish, minerals, timber, and hydropower. The countries’ industries include ‘petroleum and gas, shipping, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles’, and the industrial production growth rate is 0.8% (CIA 2015b, par. 6). The labor force equa ls 2.724 million, and about 77% of it is involved in the services sector while 20% are involved in the industrial sector.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on United Arab Emirates and Norway Economies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The country exports ‘petroleum and petroleum products, machinery and equipment, metals, chemicals, ships, fish’ and imports ‘machinery and equipment, chemicals, metals, foodstuffs’ (CIA 2015b, par. 6). Social safety of Norway is very much emphasised. Conclusions The two countries differ significantly: they are situated in different climate zones, have been existing for different amounts of time, had had to deal with different historical events. Norway appears to be richer in natural resources; its area is larger, and the country possesses some water area. At the same time, the UAE possesses more workforce. The industrial production growth rate is higher for UAE. A specific feature of UAE is its ethnically diverse workforce. The main similarity between the countries is their continuous reliance on the petroleum sector. Macroeconomics Measuring Economy The key parameters that are most often used to â€Å"measure† the economy of a country include gross domestic product (GDP), and gross national income (GNI) (Gottheil 2013). Apart from that, the consumer price index (CPI) and unemployment rates will be demonstrated for the economies to explain their economic situation and policies. National Income and National Accounting Figure 3: GNI in Norway and UAE, current, $US, 1990-2015 (World Bank 2015). GDP measures ‘what is produced and earned in domestic economy’ or the ‘total value of all final goods and services, measured in current market prices, produced in the economy during a year’ (Gottheil 2013, pp.87, 493) Gross national income (GNI) includes GDP, but it also takes into account the income that has been gain ed by the migrants (the income earned from abroad by the citizens of the country and the income earned by the immigrants from the country, the latter is excluded).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1 (World Bank 2015) demonstrates the current GDPs of the countries while Figure 2 (World Bank 2015) shows their growth rate. Figure 3 (World Bank 2015) and Figure 4 (World Bank 2015) show the current GNIs and their growth. The current account balance of the UAE is $48.45 billion, and the current account balance of Norway is $42.33 billion. UAE GDP per capita is comparable to that of world leading economies, and Norway has been outperforming UAE for the past decades for all the mention indices. However, it is obvious that UAE growth rate used to be significantly higher than that of Norway and has only been lower during the 2009 crisis. It is true that UAE used to rely on oil and global finance and, as a result, the impact of the crisis was rather severe for the country (CIA 2015a, par. 2). To change it, successful diversification was carried out, and the contribution of oil and gas contribution to GDP was reduced to 25% (CIA 2015a, para. 6). The Cost of Living Figure 4: GNI g rowth in Norway and UAE, %, 1990-2015 (World Bank 2015). The consumer price index is ‘a measure comparing the prices of consumer goods and services that a household typically purchases to the prices of those goods and services purchased in a base year’ (p. 836). It is connected to the inflation level which is an increase in price level, or, the ‘measure of prices in one year expressed in relation to prices in a base year’ (p. 842). The inflation data is demonstrated in Figure 5 (World Bank 2015). It is obvious that currently the inflation rate is falling for both countries after a significant rise that had obviously followed the crisis. Figure 6 (World Bank 2015) shows that the CPI of the two countries is practically identical and is rising slowly but steadily. Unemployment and Relevant Measures Figure 7 (World Bank 2015) demonstrates the population of the two countries; Figure 8 shows the data from CIA (2015a; 2015b) concerning the unemployment rate for yo ung people. According to CIA (2015b), the population of Norway is 94.4% Norwegian and, as of 2012, amounts to 5,207,689 with the growth rate of 1.13% and birth rate of 12.14 births per 1,000 people. Migration rate is more than seven migrants per thousand; the ranking of the country in this respect is 16. The current total youth unemployment rate is 8.6%. According to OECD (2015b), the main difficulty concerning the employment in Norway is the steady increase of long-term unemployment (28% in 2012); still, the figure is lower than the average among OECD countries (36%). According to OECD (2015a), the social spending of Norway amounts to 22% of GDP. The poverty rate in Norway is rather low for the members of the group, equalling 0,08% in the same age group (OECD 2015a, para. 12). Figure 5: Inflation: GDP deflator in Norway and UAE, annual, %, 1990-2015 (World Bank 2015). As of 2015, the birth rate in UAE is 15.43 births per 1,000 people with the population growth rate at 2.58%. The g rowth of the population was in many ways conditioned by the expatriates; the Emirati is 19% of the country’s population, the rest being of South Asian, Arab and Iranian, and other origin (UAE National Qualifications Authority [UAE NQA] 2013, p. 3; CIA 2015a, para. 4). Total unemployment for the youth of the UAE amounts to 12.1% (CIA 2015a, para. 4). Conclusions The countries’ indices performance can be described as very satisfactory. One could also say that the UAE growth indices appear rather promising. Still, it is noticeable that the development is slowing down for both countries which can be attributed to the changes in the world economy, for example, the oil prices fluctuations. Macroeconomic Policy choices The key economic policy choice of UAE is the motion towards the diversification of the economy (Rahman 2015). Norway has been acknowledging the importance of diversification as well (CIA 2015b). Apart from that, Norway seems to be especially concerned with inno vation and social protection policies (OECD 2015a). This fact appears to demonstrate the desire of Norway to invest in the most valuable resources: its people and future technology. UAE is similarly interested in addressing its population issues, particularly the problems of unemployment and the difficulties connected to the unusually high percentage of immigrates and expatriate labour force. Managing diversity in such a context is an unusual and challenging issue. Apart from that, UAE is obviously aimed at growth, and the high rates of GDP growth demonstrate that the country is being successful in this respect. Forecasts Figure 6: CPI in Norway and UAE (2010 – base year), 1990-2015 (World Bank 2015). The forecast of the future economic development of UAE is determined by two factors: the positive one, Expo 2020 being held in Dubai, and the negative one, the fluctuations of the oil prices. Expo 2020 Winning the right to hold the EXPO 2020 in Dubai is important for UAE from t he cultural, economic, and political perspectives (Levick 2015). From the point of view of the economy, it should be pointed out that preparing for Expo demands labour force which means that more than 277,000 jobs are expected to be created in the period between 2013 and 2021 (Churchill 2013, para. 1). The tourism sector is expected to experience the biggest impact of the event; similarly, other sectors like building, telecommunication, IT, and transportation have the chances of being positively affected (Churchill 2013). Apart from that, talent, which is a less measurable but still very valuable resource, is being attracted to UAE. All of these factors are bound to have a positive impact on UAE economic development. Oil Prices As a result of increased US oil production and the general slowdown of the economy, the oil prices have decreased significantly. The resulting oil price of $50 per barrel is admittedly a challenge for the world economy and, in particular, for UAE (Rahman 2015 ). The low oil prices affect the stock market of UAE as well as those of other oil-exporting countries (Hanware 2015). According to the Economy Minister of UAE, the country has managed to â€Å"make up† for the oil price fluctuations with the help of previously established international funds. He also points out that the oil price situation highlights the importance of the country’s diversification processes (Rahman 2015, para. 5). The fuel prices in UAE are currently subsidised, but it appears that the government has decided to change it, claiming that it is unreasonable for a rich country (Carpenter Khan 2015). Aggregate Supply and Demand Figure 7: Total population in Norway and UAE, 1990-2015 (World Bank 2015). Aggregate supply is the ‘total supply of goods and services that all firms in the national economy are willing to offer at varying price levels’, while aggregate demand is the total ‘quantity demanded of these goods and services by househ olds, firms, foreigners, and government at the varying price levels’ (Gottheil 2013, p. 468). The aggregate demand curve is downward-sloping: as the prices increase, the demand declines. For aggregate supply, the curve is different: at first, the increase in prices does not affect it while corresponding to the growing GDP; then supply starts to grow while at a certain point the GDP stops increasing. Aggregate demand changes with the fluctuations in demand that can be caused by ‘changes in government spending, foreign incomes, and consumer or firms’ expectations about the future’ (Gottheil 2013, p. 471). As the demand increases, its curve shifts to the right, with the decrease it shifts to the left. For aggregate supply the shift is similar; it changes depending on the availability of resources (Gottheil 2013, pp. 471-473). Let us attempt to apply this information to the current situation in the UAE market. Aggregate Supply and Demand: Oil Prices and Expo T he Expo is likely to increase (or to have increased already) the aggregate demand in UAE; the result of that is the shift of the curve to the right and the rise in prices. At the same time, with the oil prices decreasing, the market players are bound to experience doubts in the future development of the economy. Such nervous excitement may affect the demand in a negative way. Given the fact that Expo has been influencing the demand for two years while the oil prices have been an issue for a year only, the situation may be still heading towards balance. At the same time, it should be pointed out that the Expo could result (and probably has resulted) in the increase of supply. As more resources were demanded, more resources have been supplied; apart from that, the participation of foreign partners is, technically, a specific feature of an Expo (Levick 2015). The aggregate supply and demand for UAE are most certainly destabilised right at the moment. The future of the country is uncert ain, although the prognosis is most certainly positive. Forecast In general, as suggested by The Economist Intelligence (EI) Unit Limited (2015), the GDP growth of UAE is to amount to around 3.6% in the next four years and is going to be â€Å"softened â€Å" by the oil prices falling (par. 1). Economic diversification will be further encouraged since the validity of this policy has been proven by the current situation. According to The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited (2015), the business environment in UAE will improve in the next four years as a result of the ‘improvement in infrastructure and more open trade and investment policies’ (par. 5). Figure 8: Unemployment rate in Norway and UAE (%, for youths), 1990-2015 (World Bank 2015). As for Norway, the diversification of the country, as well as its generally high performance with respect to various economic parameters, allows one to suggest that the country is going to manage the current oil prices situation. S till, given the fact that Norway does rely on the petroleum sector rather heavily, it is bound to experience the drawbacks of the oil prices fluctuations. Its performance may slow down, but it is believable that despite this the country will continue its social and innovation policies. The Education Sector According to OECD (2013), the public education in Norway is free (except for the pre-kindergarten classes), while both public and private institutions gain funding from public sources; tertiary institutions are autonomous in allocating them. In 2010, 84% of students attained secondary education, and 47% chose to proceed with tertiary education; both figures are slightly higher than the average for OECD. The school students’ performance is ‘higher-than-average’ in OECD countries, and it keeps increasing (OECD 2013, p. 5). The gender performance gap is in favour of girls. Norway attempts to provide students with equal opportunities, which has been reflected, for example, in the kindergarten reform of 2004 that was aimed at making the kindergartens more accessible. Still, immigrant students tend to have worse performance. For the sake of equality, free higher education is also provided in Norway; adult learning is being encouraged through programs like â€Å"Programme for Basic Competence in Working Life† (OECD 2013, p. 6). The educational policy of UAE includes the idea of equal opportunities and demands incorporating learning, critical thinking, and practical abilities in the curricula. The aim of UAE educational policies incorporates increasing the rate of university enrolments as well as decreasing the number of school dropouts. The country’s educational system presupposes 12 years of compulsory education (primary and secondary education). Post-secondary education includes a number of prestigious institutions from al over the world (for example, Sorbonne or New York University). In 2009, 28% of the budget had been spent on education sector (UAE National Qualifications Authority 2013, p. 7). The UAE has been acting in consistency with UNESCO’s ‘Education for all’ which presupposes providing equal primary education opportunities for children regardless of their gender as well as increasing the quality of education and reducing illiteracy level among adults. Dubai and Abu Dhabi have participated in international literacy tests in 2009 and 2010, and the performance of the students was below international standards. Higher education participation in UAE has increased and, in 2008, amounted to 25%. The rate of education sector development of UAE is most impressive (UAE National Qualifications Authority 2013, pp. 1-13). While Norway appears to outperform UAE in the field of education, the rates of the development of this sector in the latter country allow one to suggest that the situation will be improved in the near future. Both countries realise the importance of the continuous developm ent in the sector and attempt to make education as accessible as possible. Tourism According to World Travel and Tourism Council [WTTC] (2014), the ‘total contribution’ of Travel and Tourism (TT) into a country’s economy is higher than the spending on the tourism service since, in effect, it includes the ‘hotels, airlines, airports, travel agents and leisure and recreation services’ spending (p. 2). In 2013, TT sector was accountable for 8.4% of UAE GDP (total contribution), and its significance is expected to rise. In 2013, direct workforce involvement in TT amounted to 291,500 jobs (5.3% of employment), and this figure is also expected to increase. The investment in TT amounted to 6.2% of total investment, and visitor exports (the spending of the tourists within the country, education sector excluded) equalled 5.8% of the total UAE exports. Leisure tourism predominates for UAE, amounting to almost 75% of the tourism sector (WTTC 2014, pp. 1-15). It should be pointed out that as a result of Expo 2020 being held in UAE, the tourism sector is bound to develop at a higher rate in the following several years. In Norway, in 2009, TT contribution to GPD equalled 3.3 %; the employment in the sector amounted to 6.3% of the total country’s employment. In 2010, tourists spent 106 billion (in the local currency) in Norway. In 2009, there were almost 14 000 firms in TT sector in Norway, most of them small ones with 1-10 employees. Leisure TT appears to dominate in Norway as well (OECD 2012, p. 253). The policy of TT in Norway is aimed at increasing wealth creation within the industry; this is expected to be achieved through innovation and employees training as well as collaboration on every level. Norway is described as â€Å"sustainable destination†, that is, the industry also needs to be economically and environmentally sustainable (OECD 2012, p. 255). It can be concluded that neither of the countries relies on the tourism sector. Still, it does contribute to both countries’ GPD, and they endeavour to proceed developing it. It appears that for UAE, the tourism sector is more significant; apart from that, it is going to be further developed as a result of Expo being held in the country. This can be regarded as another successful attempt at diversifying the country’s economy. Conclusion The two countries rely on oil and gas export, but they both strive to reduce the importance of this sector and attempt to diversify the economy. Even though there is still room for improvement, in both cases there is a noticeable improvement that is especially visible for UAE. Still, the impact of the oil price fluctuations is bound to be felt by both countries. Norway outperforms UAE in most of the economy measurement parameters; at the same time, the rate of growth for UAE has been significantly higher than that of Norway. This fact leads to the suggestion that UAE will be able to improve its performance in the near future. While the challenge of decreased oil prices is going to affect UAE economy in a rather negative way, the Expo 2020 is a positive influence that can minimise the damage of the former one. Multiple sectors of UAE economy are going to be boosted by the preparation to the Expo, one of them being tourism. Reference List Carpenter, C Khan, S 2015, ‘ U.A.E. Removes Fuel Subsidy as Oil Drop Hurts Arab Economies’, Bloomberg Business, 22 July, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-07-22/u-a-e-to-link-gasoline-price-to-global-markets-effect-aug-1. Churchill, N 2013, ‘Expo 2020 Win: Impact On Dubai’s Jobs Market’, Gulf Business, 28 November, http://gulfbusiness.com/2013/11/expo-2020-win-impact-on-dubais-jobs-market/. CIA 2015a, The World Factbook: United Arab Emirates, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ae.html. CIA 2015b, The World Factbook: Norway, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-fac tbook/geos/no.html. Gottheil, F 2013, Principles of macroeconomics, 7th edn, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH. Hanware, K 2015, ‘Falling oil prices trigger stocks sell-off in Gulf’, Arab News, 24 August, https://www.zawya.com/story/Falling_oil_prices_trigger_stocks_selloff_in_Gulf-ZAWYA20150824032600/. Levick, К 2015, ‘World Expo 2020: The Arab Spring Advances’, Forbes, 14 January, http://www.forbes.com/sites/richardlevick/2014/01/14/world-expo-2020-the-arab-spring-advances/. OECD 2012, OECD Tourism Trends and Policies 2012, OECD Publishing, Paris. OECD 2013, Education Policy Outlook: Norway, http://www.oecd.org/edu/EDUCATION%20POLICY%20OUTLOOK%20NORWAY_EN.pdf. OECD 2015a, OECD Data: Norway, https://data.oecd.org/norway.htm. OECD 2015b, Employment Outlook: Norway, http://www.oecd.org/norway/Employment-Outlook-Norway-EN.pdf. Rahman, F 2015, ‘UAE Economy minister sees $80 per barrel as ideal oil price’, Gulf News, 25 October, http://gulfnews.com/b usiness/economy/uae-economy-minister-sees-80-per-barrel-as-ideal-oil-price-1.1606875. The Economist Intelligence Unit Limited 2015, United Arab Emirates, http://country.eiu.com/united-arab-emirates. UAE National Qualifications Authority 2013, The UAE Education System, http://www.nqa.gov.ae/†¦/The%20UAE%20Education%20System%20Report.p†¦. World Bank 2015, World Development Indicators, http://databank.worldbank.org/data/reports.aspx?source=2type=metadataseries=NY.GDP.MKTP.CD#. World Travel and Tourism Council 2014, Travel Tourism Economic Impact 2014: United Arab Emirates, http://www.wttc.org/-/media/files/reports/economic%20impact%20research/country%20reports/united_arab_emirates2014.pdf This essay on United Arab Emirates and Norway Economies was written and submitted by user Logan Chan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Brief Look at Early Civilizations essays

A Brief Look at Early Civilizations essays From 3000 BC to 1500 BC four civilizations arose that historians to this day marvel at, the Egyptians, the Sumerians, the Indus River Valley people, and the Shang dynasty in China. They all had great accomplishments in government, and religion and inventions. While they had their own different civilizations many similarities arise, such as depending on the river and their polytheistic religions. They had very isolated civilizations with the exception of the Sumerians. The geography, religion, and their governments all contributed to their success as a civilization. The Egyptians were situated in northern Africa around the Nile. The Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Nubian Desert, and Libyan Desert were the natural boundaries that made the Egyptians very isolated. Also, the Indus River valley civilization was rather isolated, with water to the east and west, the Hindu Kush and Himalayas to the North. The monsoons that are seasonal flood the rivers. The Shang dynasty was situated in China over the Yellow River. On the contrary the Sumerians were not isolated at all in Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Mesopotamia was in the Fertile Crescent, which was why many invaders invaded their land, ultimately crushing them. The polytheistic religions of the early civilizations were rather similar. The Egyptians had pharaohs, which were considered to have a god's blood. Egyptians also had a main god Osiris, who was the god of the Nile. The Egyptians also worshiped local gods. They also believed in the afterlife, which required mummifica tion to accomplish. Sumerians also had a polytheistic religion and like the Egyptians each region or city-state worship a local god primarily. They pictured their gods as having little regard for human life. The Sumerians did not believe in an afterlife. The Shang dynasty's religion is rather different compared to the others Shang Ti was a god that ruled over lesser gods. They also believed...

Asylum - Immigration Glossary - Definition of Asylum

Asylum - Immigration Glossary - Definition of Asylum Asylum is the protection granted by a nation to a person who cannot return to their home country for fear of prosecution. An asylee is a person who seeks asylum. You may request asylum from the U.S. when you arrive at a U.S. port of entry, or after you arrive in the United States regardless of whether you are in the U.S. legally or illegally. Since its founding, the United States has been a sanctuary for refugees seeking protection from persecution. The country has granted asylum to more than 2 million refugees in the last three decades alone. Who is a Refugee? U.S. law defines a refugee as someone who: Is located outside the United States.Is of special humanitarian concern to the United States.Demonstrates that they â€Å"were persecuted or fear persecution due to race, religion, nationality, political opinion, or membership in a particular social group.†Is not firmly resettled in another country.Is admissible to the United States. A refugee does not include anyone who â€Å"ordered, incited, assisted, or otherwise participated in the persecution of any person on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.† So-called economic refugees, those the U.S. government considers to be fleeing poverty in their homelands, are not admissible. For example, thousands of Haitian migrants who washed up on Florida shores have fallen into this category in recent decades, and the government has returned them to their homeland. How Can Someone Obtain Asylum? There are two routes through the legal system for obtaining asylum in the United States: the affirmative process and the defensive process. For asylum through the affirmative process, the refugee must be physically present in the United States. It does not matter how the refugee arrived. Refugees generally must apply to U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services within on year of the date of their last arrival in the United States, unless they can show extenuating circumstances that delayed filing. Applicants must file Form I-589, the Application for Asylum and for Withholding of Removal, to USCIS. If the government rejects the application and the refugee does not have legal immigration status, then USCIS will issue a Form I-862, Notice to Appear, and refer the case to an immigration judge for resolution. According to USCIS, affirmative asylum applicants are rarely detained. Applicants may live in the United States while the government is processing their applications. Applicants can also remain in the country while waiting for a judge to hear their case but are seldom allowed to work here legally. Defensive Application for Asylum A defensive application for asylum is when a refugee requests asylum as protection against removal from the United States. Only refugees that are in removal proceedings in an immigration court can apply for defensive asylum. There generally are two ways refugees wind up in the defensive asylum process under the Executive Office for Immigration Review: USCIS has referred them to an immigration judge after the government has ruled them ineligible for asylum after going through the affirmative process.They were placed in removal proceedings because they were apprehended in the United States without proper legal documents or in violation of their immigration status. Or, they were caught trying to enter the United States without proper documents and designated for expedited removal. It’s important to note that defensive asylum hearings are court-like. They are conducted by immigration judges and are adversarial. The judge will hear arguments from the government and from the petitioner before making a ruling. The immigration judge has the power to grant the refugee a green card or decide whether the refugee may be eligible for other forms of relief. Either side can appeal the judge’s decision. In the affirmative process, the refugee appears before a USCIS asylum officer for a non-adversarial interview. The individual must provide a qualified interpreter for that interview. In the defensive process, the immigration court provides the interpreter. Finding a qualified lawyer is important for refugees trying to navigate the asylum process which can be long and complicated.

Ethnocentrism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethnocentrism - Essay Example Most social anthropologists and psychologists converge to the verity ethnocentricism is a root of wrong judgment, misconception as well as mistaken belief. Ethnocentricism is rampant in USA, research confirms that this vice has existed for a long time and it varies in severity from one generation and one region to another. Read (2002) argues that this syndrome is not only limited to America, but it is a pattern that has characterized all societies in the world. Nevertheless, America has experienced some of the most villainous circumstances of ethnocentricism. Read, (2002) noted that ethnocentricism occurs in several ways. In America, for instance there is general syndrome that its codes of belief, behavior, mode of governance, state of technology, education system, etc is the finest in the whole world. This feeling alone does not amount to a social evil. However, the feeling has led Americans in to believing that one nation and continents are inferior. As argued by Reynal-Querol (200 2), membership in an ethnic group is based on various factors such as religion, race, physical features, language and accent. Owing to this, there has existed internal ethnocentricism among Americans based on these attributes. One obtrusive paradigm in America has been on the basis of race.

Globalisation and Business Enterprise essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Globalisation and Business Enterprise - Essay Example In order to understand the effects of recession on particular companies in New Zealand, it is better to understand the factors that lead to recessions as it would lead to a better understanding of the solutions that would be provided in the latter part of the essay. A recession according to King and Cushman (1997) is a term that is used by the economists for different phenomena of problems that could arise in an economy. Generally a recession refers to a time when the overall productive potential of a country (or a region) is compromised. The term recession may also mean that a supply shock is experienced, the increase in GDP/GNP is negative, or the unemployment rate and inflation have increased to a considerable extent. It is important to note that a recession, when it occurs, does not just affect the domestic industry or economy; rather it has implications that are global, as Allen (2001) relates. According to him, the advent of globalization has led the countries to come close together in terms of the international trade. The consequence of this is that the economy of one country has a large and direct effect on the economy of another. Because of international trade, as mentioned above, a global crisis could be caused. An example of a global crisis would be the sub prime crisis that occurred in the US in 2008 as Walden (2008) relates. In accordance with Shankar (2008), the subprime lending fell in the US which meant that the banks and the financial institutions in the US went bankrupt. Because of the uncertainty that was later caused due to the bankruptcy, the investors lost confidence in the US stock markets. The banks were also not able to cooperate with each other and so a ‘liquidity crisis’ was the result. Since the US is a key player in international trade, the bankruptcy at home had implications on

Income Inequality and Redistributive Policies Essay Example for Free

Income Inequality and Redistributive Policies Essay This paper discusses the factors that determine the increase in pay gap between top executives and the average worker. Income inequality has continued to be an economic issue in the United States. The changes in income inequality in the United States have been researched and well documented. The findings reveal an alarming state of affairs concerning income inequality in the country. Most labor economic policies have started to focus on the income inequalities in the country. One of the programs that target this issue is redistribution. For Redistributive Policies to work, it is important to know the factors that contribute to the increase in income gap between the executives and the average workers. Its significance in labor economic policies is vast because of its requirement for mobility as well as heterogeneity in the labor market. It is important to know how the factors established play part in income determination (Piketty Saez, 2003). As will be revealed in the paper, these factors do exist and play a major part in income inequality. Literature analysis The main concepts in the topic of discussion need to be defined. Income is defined as the total of all income components that are showed on tax returns. Income comprises of salaries and wages, pensions, gains from business dealings, capital incomes, rents, and realized capital profits. Income is thus defined as the market income prior to reduction of income taxes. Income is very different from wealth, and the main focus of the paper is income (Piketty Saez, 2003). Available literature defines income inequality in a manner that is completely different from the commonly known inequality, that is, poverty and unfairness. Income inequality refers to the unequal distribution of income among players in a specific economy. This could be income distribution in a particular nation or at the global level. Income inequality metrics seek to give a system of gauging dispersion of income. Income inequality in the economy of the United States is evident in different categories of people. There is income inequality between the executives and the average workers, as in the focus of this paper; there is inequality between men and women and inequality between whites and blacks. Income inequality between the executives and the average workers in the United States is an issue that needs to be handled with the seriousness it deserves. One of the efforts to achieve this is income redistribution (Piketty Saez, 2003). Income redistribution is the reassignment of income from some people to others. Studies reveal that there is concentration of income among the executives, that is, this group tends to earn more that the average workers. Therefore the distribution in this case is from the executives to the average workers. There have been many debates as to the rationale behind redistribution. It is clear that with the increase in income inequality something needs to be done (Piketty Saez, 2003). This will be discussed in a later part of the paper. Statistics to reveal income inequality It is evident from statistics that there is rampant income inequality in the United States. Following the reason of the hard work principle, current executives must work more that the average workers. They also work harder than they used to work forty years ago. As a result, their pay is expected to be higher than that of the average workers and also that it was forty years ago. In the year 2000, the average Chief Executive Officer salary was more than 500 times the salary of the average worker. This is a tremendous increase for in the year 1960 the salary of a Chief Executive Officer was only 40 times that of an average worker (Chingos, 2004). For many other reasons other than hard work, the salary of the executives went up tremendously than corporate gains, while that of the average worker increased in proportion to the rate of inflation. While the salaries of the average workers remained more or less constant they continued working hard as indicated from the results in productivity. The economic inequalities between the executives and the average workers can be observed from a broader scale, as indicated in the rise in pay between income quintiles. Between the year 1979 and 2001, the pay of the top quintile went up by 53 percent, while the pay of the lowest quintile increased by a mere 3 percent (Bebchuk Grinstein, 2005). This is the phenomenon that has marked the economy of the United States; the top quintile though earning more is the one that receives higher pay that the lowest quintile despite the fact that it is the one that earns the least (Kopczuk, Saez Song, 2009). Quite a number of the people who belong to the lowest quintile are the poor. Close to 13% of the United States public, which are about 37 million people are poor. More than a third of this group is, which is about 13 million are young people. Trends in the income, wealth and poverty statistics show an increasing gap among classes. The wealthy are getting wealthier, with the poor becoming poorer. There is an increasing gap between the pay of the executives and that of the average workers and there is no sign that this will change in the near future. This is an argument brought up by the Institute for Policy Studies that has been studying executive income since the year 1994 (Kopczuk, Saez Song, 2009). In the year 2007, the mean ratio between the pay for the Chief Executive Officer and the average worker was 344:1. There was a slight decrease in the average ratio to 319:1. There is a probability that the average ratio will continue to rise. The current estimate is almost hitting 400:1. If there is no remedy in place, there rate will continue to go up with a huge stock option gains by the executive. This is a worrisome state of affairs that should be handled immediately by public policies (Kopczuk, Saez Song, 2009). The public outcry about the income of the executives seems to have gone down in the recent past as a result of rallying of the broader capital market. The focus has shifted from the income to other matters like public health. Cavanagh, who is the director of the Institute for Policy Studies, argues that the income inequality between the directors and the average workers in the United States is a serious matter. He claims that the gap is still very wide, in fact wider than in most other nations worldwide (Chingos, 2004). This is considered a problem in a country that is supposed to be an example of a democracy in the world. The director argues that going back only one generation in the United States, the average ratio in the income between the two groups was 30:1. Based on the factors that are discussed later in the paper, it is not possible for the executives to earn the same amount of income as the average workers. Nevertheless a ratio of more than 300:1 is an exaggeration that should be carefully taken care of. The United States seems to be owned by just a few individuals in the top quintile, with the majority living in poverty. The country seems to be experienced very high rate of income and wealth inequality. The wall street journal reported that the average Chief Executive Officer of a sizeable company earns more than 10 million dollars per annum. This is a vast amount as compared to the 10,000 dollars per annum earned by an average worker (Kopczuk, Saez Song, 2009). Factors that determine the increase in income inequality It is a societal feature that people tend to earn differently. The positions held by people determine the kind of payment they receive due to the fact that they tend to hold varying responsibilities. The importance and complexity of the executive position means that they will obviously receive higher pay that the average workers. For the purpose of providing enough motivation for a wider range of occupation to be occupied, with motivated servants, the society requires to offer varying rewards (Chingos, 2004). Partisan politics The executives are the decision makers in any organization. As a result it is expected that they will always make decisions that are in their favor. Incestuous corporate boards of directors on regular bases approve compensation benefits to the CEOs and other top authorities that are unreasonable. While seated in the board, they only think of their own interests without caring about the hardworking average worker. The average workers have no one to defend their interests and as a result their pay rise increase slowly and after a very long time. This is what has led to the widening in the gap in the gap between the incomes of the two groups. Research reveals that, it is possible for the salary of an average worker to remain constant without increase for a decade (Chingos, 2004). Basic salary While job evaluation is used as the basis for determining pay increase for the workers, this is usually not the case with the executives. The pay increase and compensation for the executives is usually determined by the compensation committee. This is a committee that includes a number or all the members of the board within the organization. The decisions of the pay rise and compensation for the executives has nothing to do with the reports from job evaluation. It is also independent of the data on payment within similar organizations. This therefore means that there is no standard in pay and compensation of executives. There are also no standard rules to govern income and compensation for executives. Basically, income for executives is set to compete with pays of other executives in the market. As a result, the payment is always higher as compared to the salaries of the other workers in the organization. Recent researches reveal that the incomes for the executives within all companies are on the increase. A study of 100 major companies in the united states done by Mercer Human Resource Consulting reveled that the mean sum direct compensation for the CEOs in the studies companies was 4, 419, 300 dollars in the year 2004 (Bebchuk Grinstein, 2005). Executive benefits and privileges In the United States, executives are paid their basic salaries plus other benefits. This is what is together known as the Total Cash Compensation. The executives may also be compensated for their efforts with cash plus shares in the organization, which are most of the times subject to vesting limitations. This is what it means to be provided with long-term incentive. After the expiration of the time referred by the vesting restrictions, the shares are transferred. Vesting can be on the basis of performance, time or both performance and time. The incentives are provided to the executives as a way of motivating them to put more effort in running the company. These are some of the benefits that are not available to the average worker, therefore explaining the difference in their income (Bebchuk Grinstein, 2005). Benefits for the executives are obviously different from those offered to the average workers. The executives are the ones who receive higher fringe benefits, insurance and pension schemes. Most of the executives negotiate high packages during the time of employment. This is mostly tied to their education level, skills and experience. In this case, they are able to collect a lot of money from the company regardless of their performance. Executive privileges are special benefits that they receive. These perquisites are mostly paid to the executives and the top managers of the organization. These may be items like vehicles, membership to clubs, special parking among other amenities. It is common for the United States executives to get perks as part of their overall compensation (Chingos, 2004). Executive bonuses In the basic salary of the executives, most of their pay is not constant, they payment may be entitled to a compensation that varies with their level of performance. The intention of this compensation is a motivating factor for the executives to perform better. For example, there can be a reward for achievement of a particular target. One of the most common variable pay is what is known as executive bonus. This is a kind of compensation that is paid on achievement of some short-term objectives. The compensation is on the bases of any number of performance results. The compensation can be based on the judgment of the board or the amounts of profits or market share gained by the business. Nearly all the companies in the United States offer compensation or bonuses to their executives. This is a benefit that is not enjoyed by average workers in these companies. The Mercer research reveals that the executives of the 100 companies had a mean bonus of 1. 4 million dollars in the year 2004. This bonus is equivalent to 141% of their annual basic salary. This indicates that the bonuses are higher that the pay they receive as a basic salary. In other words, even if the ratio of the basic salary of the executives to that of the average worker was low, the bonuses accounts for the increased level of the income inequality among the two groups. It is evident that with this kind of income, there is no way the income inequality between the two groups can be avoided (Chingos, 2004).

Guidance Counseling and Parental Involvement :: essays papers

Guidance Counseling and Parental Involvement The elementary school counseling and guidance program is part of the total school program and complements learning in the classroom. It is child-centered, preventive, and developmental. The program encourages students’ social, emotional, and personal growth at each stage of their development. The purpose of counseling with students, parents, and teachers is to help students maximize their potential. The elementary school counselor also conducts guidance lessons; consults with parents, teachers, and other professionals; and coordinates student services in the school (Gartner, Larson, & Allen, 1995). Counseling and guidance programs provides elementary students with assistance in: understanding self and developing a positive self-image, showing respect for the feelings of others, understanding the decision-making process, developing effective study skills, being prepared to make the transition to the intermediate school, and gaining an understanding of the world of work (Finney & Maloney, 1985; McCullough, 1995; Paloma & Pendelton, 1991). Counseling is conducted with students and parents individually and in small groups when requested and determined appropriate. It is short-term, voluntary, and confidential. Parental permission is obtained prior to any extended individual or group counseling. Students are seen by the counselor when: parents request and indicate a need and desire that the counselor meet with their children, students request counseling, and teachers, administrators, or other school staff refer the student. Parents are informed of counseling groups for children and adults. Group counseling sessions for children focus on building self-esteem, learning how to make or keep friends, developing good study habits, improving communication skills, preparing for the intermediate school, and coping with changing family situations. Topics for parent groups include child-rearing concerns, child development, and methods parents may use to help children experience healthy development and success in school (Aldridge, 1991; Friedman & Benson, 1997). The elementary school guidance counselor works with parents through individual consultation, joint consultation with the children’s teachers, and parents discussion groups. In these ways the counselor assist parents to: understand their children’s progress in school, select strategies to motivate their children, develop realistic goals with their children, become actively involved in their children’s school life, and understand the educational program K-12 (Byrd, 1988, p. 29). The counselor may lead parent education and discussion groups and serves as a resource when parents study or discuss child-related issues. The counselor consults with parents to identify students with special abilities and/or needs. In this capacity the counselor helps parents understand the services available from other school staff such as the school psychologists, social worker, and resource teachers.

Complexometric Determination Essay

Introduction Using a Lewis base neutral molecule to donate electron pairs (ligands) to a Lewis acid metal ion center to form a single cluster (complex) ion. When the complex ions forms with a metal ion (chelation) the ligand used is called the (chelating agent). EDTA acts as a great chelating agent due to the Nitrogen and Oxygen donating an electron pair to the metal ion center to form an octahedral complex. The metal ions especially with a +2 charge or higher are the reason for water hardness to form on various objects known as â€Å"scum†. Calcium ions are typically the most common contributing factor for water hardness so this experiment uses CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate) to analyze the hardness of an unknown sample. A scale of water hardness identifies â€Å"soft† water with a value less than 60 ppm (parts per million) and â€Å"hard† water with a value more than 200 ppm. 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10) is added to the mixture prior to the titration to capture the calcium metal ions so the indicator can work properly. The experiment adds 4 drops of Eriochrome Black T as the indicator to visually see the color change as complexes are formed and the solution undergoes chelation of metal impurities. The color change from indicator starts as pink and changes to a violet then light blue color to signify the chemical phase changes throughout the reaction until the endpoint. 3 titrations are experimentally conducted to calculate the mean average of the Na2 EDTA for experimental accuracy. The EDTA mean average is then used to calculate the water hardness of an unknown water sample (#97) using 3 more titrations to calculate a mean average of the unknown water sample. An absolute deviation is calculated for each titration experiment to calculate the experimental estimated precision. The final experimental result is then compared to the city of Tempe standard for water hardness and acceptable standards. Principle (Spurlock, 2014) (Spurlock, 2014) â€Å"A complex ion is an ion containing a central metal cation bonded to one or more molecules or ions† (Chang, 2013). Just like complex ions, a ligand is a molecule or ion that is bonded to the metal ion in a complex ion (Chang, 2013). A chelating agent is a substance that forms complex ions with metal ions in a solution (Chang, 2013). The process of the chelating agent forming is called chelation. E.D.T.A. (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) is a common chelating agent that will be used in this experiment to chelate the metal ions. Tetraamminecopper (II) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ will be the complex ion in this lab experiment. In chapter 11.1-3 the â€Å"Kinetic Molecular Theory† is being tested in this experiment (Chang, 2013). Solids are denser than liquids and allow very little empty space to exist between molecules limiting the freedom of motion. The liquids are less dense than solids, held closely together with little space between molecules (less than solids), however, the mo lecules in liquid do not break away from the attractive forces allowing them to move past each other freely. Gases are the least dense and have the largest amount of distance between molecules allowing them to move around more freely. According to the theory, the experimental Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen and Oxygen ions are able to quickly attract and find the metal ion in the liquid by donating their electron pair to the metal ion center creating the complex. These complex ions in the experiment use intermolecular and intramolecular forces to break and hold chemical bonds thru the experimental process of chelation to identify the hardness of the unknown sample. After the reaction is complete, when evaporation and or vaporization of the liquid and gas in the molecules is separated the remaining metal impurities known as â€Å"scum† are left. In chapter 4.1 hydration is used to orient the negative poles of the diatomic gases to the positive pole of the Hydrogen and metal impurities in the solution creation the complex cluster. Chapter 4 is also used for titration of redox reactions using a standard solution (Na2 EDTA) to add into another solution of unknown concentration (unknown sample + ammonia/ammonium  chloride buffer + Eriochrome Black T) until the equivalence point is reached (has fully reacted) as visually identified by the indicators (Eriochrome Black T) from the color change of pink to violet to blue. Procedure 1. â€Å"Prepare about 500mL of approximately 0.004M disodium EDTA solution. To prepare your solution, weigh out 0.7-0.8g of Na2EDTA and dissolve in about 500mL deionized water in your plastic bottle. Seal the bottle and shake vigorously for a few minutes to dissolve the salt. 2. Standardize the Na2EDTA solution using a stock calcium ion solution as the primary standard: a. Use a 10-mL transfer pipet to add 10.00 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution (1.000g CaCO3/L solution) to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. b. Add about 30 ml of deionized water to this titration flask. c. Add a magnetic stir-bar, place on a magnetic stirrer and begin stirring. A piece of white paper under the flask gives good contrast for easier detection of the indicator color change. d. Inside the fume hood, add about 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10). The buffer is an inhalation irritant. Stir for 30 seconds. e. Just prior to titrating the flask, add four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution. Continue stirring for another 30 seconds and then titrate this solution with your disodium EDTA solution within 15 minutes. f. Slow down your titration near the endpoint, as the color change takes 3-5 seconds to develop. At the end point, the color changes from pink to violet to blue. If you feel unsure whether you’ve reached your endpoint, read and record the volume delivered and then add another drop of titrant to check for a complete color change. g. Repeat this titration two more times. Calculate the molarity of your disodium EDTA from each titration. Average your molarities from the three trials and calculate your precision. 3. Choose one prepared unknown water sample as provided. Record the unknown code in your notebook, then titrate this water sample with your standardized disodium EDTA solution: a. Transfer 25.00mL of the prepared water sample to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. b. Add about 20ml of DI water to the titration flask. c. Add a magnetic stir-bar. Place the flask on a magnetic stirrer and begin stirring. d. Inside the fume hood, add about 3mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer (pH 10). Stir for 30 seconds. e. Just prior to titrating,  add four drops of Eriochrome Black T Indicator solution to your flask. Continue stirring for another 30 seconds and then titrate this solution with your standardized disodium EDTA solution within 15 minutes. f. Repeat this titration twice more. Calculate the hardness (mg CaCO3/L) of the prepared water sample from each of your titrations. Calculate your average hardness and your experimental precision from the three trials. 4. Compare your results to the expected range for municipal water hardness. Check your city’s water quality lab website (e.g. http://www.tempe.gov/waterquality/typical_values.htm)† (Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Lab, n.d.). Observations Upon adding the preparing the Na2EDTA solution the Na2EDTA solid was quickly dissolved into the DI water to create a clear solution. Later on in the procedure stage of adding the ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer into the 250 mL flask, a visual chemical reaction was observed as the ammonia buffer was mixing into the flask with CaCO3 and the unknown solution in both procedures. Upon adding the Eriochrome Black T indicator the color was visually changed from clear to light pink in both procedures. During titration of both procedures the visual color change was observed from light see-through pink to see-through violet when the process was close to ending, then from see-through violet to see-through light blue signaling then end of the reaction process.

Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia

Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Gen Y Consumers in Malaysia Introduction Market segmentation is a crucial element in marketing because goods can no longer be produced and sold without considering consumer needs and recognizing the characteristic of those needs. Due to the highly competitive environment nowadays, attracting and retaining enough loyal customers plays an important key role when developing business strategies.Therefore, business should understand and target consumer from different background and culture differently in order to effectively adapt their marketing strategies (Yeong & Lovett, 2010). In general, there are many demographic variables can be used to segment consumer market, for instance income, age, gender, ethnicity, marital status and household size. Among these variables, gender has been and continues to be one of the most popular forms of market segmentation for a significant proportion of product and services.According to marketing scholars (Meyers-Levy & Sternthal, 1991; Darley & Smith, 1995) argue that gender-based segmentation, especially if it is based on biological sex per se, meets several of the requirements for successful implementation: the segments were easy to identify, easy to access, and large enough for consumer products and services to be marketed profitably. In addition, there are many studies in the past also provided considerable evidence that gender relates to consumers’ perceptions, attitudes, preferences and purchase decisions(Mitchell & Walsh, 2004; Bakewell & Mitchell, 2006).Because gender has been identified as one of the significant factor in understanding consumer behavior and as a fundamental market segmentation index for companies to satisfy their customer’ demand, therefore marketer should endeavor to understand the gender differences in decision-making styles. In addition, research addressing the issue of gender differences in decision-making styles could help marketers to find better ways of communicating with both sexes and to guide marketing mix decisions (Mitchell & Walsh, 2004).Literature Review According to Williams, Page, Petrosky and Hernandez (2010), Generation Y also is referred to as the Millenials or Echo Boomers. They were born during 1977-1994 and are in the 15-32 age range as of 2009. They are children of the original Baby Boomers and their numbers rival that of the Baby Boomers. They grew up in a time of immense and fast-paced change including virtually full-employment opportunities for women, dual-income households as the standard, and having computers at college and home.Moreover Gen Y consumers are more likely to complete their tasks online in just one click in making their decisions (Sengupta & Titus, 2012). Starting in 2000, when the Millennials began attending college, they began to be studied by researchers and marketers to determine the generation’s overriding characteristics. Consumer decision? making styles can be defined â€Å"as me ntal orientations characterizing a consumer’s approach to making choices† (Sproles & Kendall, 1986, p. 268).The aim of Sproles and Kendall (1986) was to provide a potentially useful instrument to assist marketers to better understand consumers’ decision-making styles in purchasing. As consequence, they developed the original 40? item Consumer Style Inventory (CSI) scale, which identified eight characteristics related to consumer decision? making styles. The CSI provides a quantitative instrument for classifying different consumer decision? making styles into distinct categories of shopping orientation.Through empirical research, Sproles and Kendall (1986) defined the following eight categories of decision -making styles namely: 1) perfectionism and high-quality conscious: Consumers carefully search for the best quality in product; 2) brand conscious and price equals quality: Consumer choose to buy more expensive, well known national brands, and believing that a h igher price means better quality; 3) novelty and fashion-conscious: likes new and innovative products and gains excitement from seeking out new things; 4) recreational and hedonistic: finds shopping a pleasant activity and shop just for the fun of it; 5) price conscious and value for money: consumer which has high consciousness of sale price and likely to be comparison shoppers; 6) impulsive and careless: Consumer who do not plan their shopping and appear unconcerned about how much he or she spends; 7) confused by overchoice: These consumer are experiences information overload in the market due to perceiving too many brands and stores and have difficulties making choices and 8) habitual and brand-loyal: These consumers select favorite brands and stores repeatedly overtime. Hiu, Siu, Wang and Chang (2001) revealed three prominent market segments through their study namely: 1. )Trendy, perfectionistic consumers: who frequent shopping and take it as an enjoyment. They are interested in high quality and fashionable items, read fashion magazines, watch various advertisements to gain trendy fashion information and tend to supportive with foreign brand which is high quality and fashionable styling. 2. ) Tradisional, pragmatic consumer: who do not view shopping as a enjoyment activity to them. They are price conscious, not interested in fashion styling and most probably choosing local brands. 3. Confused by overchoice: these consumers tend not to read magazines or advertisement on fashion, avoid exposure to too much information, and only purchase local brands which they are familiar. According to Bakewell and Mitchell (2003), five meaningful and distinct decision-making groups were found in the study of decision-making styles of adult female Generation Y consumers in the UK: â€Å"recreational quality seekers†, â€Å"recreational discount seekers†, â€Å"trend setting loyals†, â€Å"shopping and fashion uninterested† and â€Å"confused tim e/money conserving†. In their later study on decision making styles of male consumers in the UK (Bakewell & Mitchell, 2004), all of the original eight traits plus four new traits namely; store-loyal/low-price seeking, time-energy conserving, confused time restricted and store-promiscuity were identified.From their study it shows that the potential of the CSI for segmenting market as meaningful and different groups of male consumers with different decision making styles. Despite of previous studies which reported gender differences in decision-making styles of consumer, Mitchell and Walsh (2004) compared the decision-making styles of male and female shoppers in Germany. From the research, they managed to verify the construct validity of all eight CSI factors for female shopper and four of the factors for male shoppers. In consequence, they also concluded that male consumers were slightly less likely to be perfectionists, somewhat less novelty and fashion conscious, and less lik ely to be confused when making purchases compared to female consumers.Years after that, Bakewell and Mitchell (2006) undertook a similar study in the UK by using a sample of 480 male and female undergraduate students, they found that nine decision-making style were common to both genders. Through the study they had discovered three traits for male (store-loyal/low-price seeking, confused time-restricted and store-promiscuity) and three new traits for female traits (bargain seeking, imperfectionism and store loyal). There are few studies recently which had attempted to thoroughly explore the antecedent and consequences of consumer decision-making styles. Ghodeswar (2007) found that that seven out of eight dimensions of consumer decision-making style proposed by Sproles and Kendall (1986) in his study of consumer decision-making styles among Indian students.The only style which was not confirmed in his data is â€Å"price consciousness/ value for money consumer†. Gupta, Brantle y & Jackson (2010) found that consumers Generation Y at Midwestern University tend to be brands store loyal when they are buying high involvement product. Kambiz & Fereshteh (2011) found that husband and wife have divergent decision-making styles and their family structure as a social-structural variable can be influenced by the decision-making styles of family members which is related to their purchasing behavior. Lastly, it is believed that male and female consumer in Malaysia may also have certain distinctive characteristic in decision-making during shopping and purchasing.But those characteristic could be have equal interest to both researchers and marketing practitioners. Hence, this paper will fill the gap by focusing on the differences in decision-making styles on gender in the Malaysia context. Methodology According to the past study, most of the researchers prepared a structured questionnaire based on literature review and objectives of the study. Consumers decision-making were measured using the 40-items of Consumer Style Inventory (CSI), developed by Sproles and Kendall (1986). All scales were measured on a 5-point Likert-type scales ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). The reliabilities of the CSI scale, according to Sproles and Kendall (1986), ranged from 0. 48 to 0. 76.The scales items were translated into Malay language with minor changes in wording to clarify the meaning. In addition, some demographic questions were included in the questionnaire. And most of the questionnaire was self-administered to non-probability sample of male and female undergraduate students in Malaysia. Finding and Analysis Common Factors for both Male and Female According to the research study of Safiek and Hayatul (2009) in Malaysia, the decision-making of Malaysian young consumer for both gender have similarities namely: 1. ) Quality consciously: meaning that they prefer to buy more durable and quality product. 2. ) Brand consciously: it shows tha t they set high standards and have high expectations for the products they buy.Moreover they choose to buy the product which is heavily advertised and well-know national brands. 3. ) Fashion consciousness: this shows that both genders are seem to gain pleasure from seeking out new things and keep up-to date with fashionable attractive styles. 4. ) Confused by overchoice: This factor shows that they feel over-loaded with the information on various brands products and find it very hard to choose the best product during shopping. 5. ) Satisfying and value seeking: concluded that if both items were identical in both sample, they will carefully find the best value for money product to be purchased which is also satisfied their needs. Male FactorsAgain from the study of Safiek and Hayatul (2009), there are two factors found for males namely brand loyalty and time-energy conserving. For brand loyalty, male consumers score higher than female consumers on this factor because they tend to hav e favorite brands and will use these habitually. Next, time-energy conserving which was not found in females but it characterizes males who often save energy by making their shopping trips as fast as possible in the same stores. Moreover, males have the perception that going shopping is a waste of time and they don’t give their purchases much thought. In overall, both of these results show the similarity with previous researchers, Bakewell and Michell (2006) in the UK. Female factorsFrom the study of Safiek and Hayatul (2009) research, it shows that there are three female factors found namely price consciousness, recreational and shopping avoidance. Female consumers scored higher than male consumers on price consciousness shows that female are more aware of the sale prices and more often choose to purchase lower price products. Next, female shoppers are more particular on recreational or pleasant shopping activity compared to male shoppers. And this factor is consistent with Mitchell and Walsh’s (2004) and Bakewell and Mitchell’s (2006) which characterization of a recreational consumer. The last factor is shopping avoidance which is very exclusive to female consumers and posed an opposite trait of recreational.However the high scored shows that if the shopping is unpleasant, female shoppers will tend to shop as quickly by purchasing the first brands or product that seem to be good enough. Conclusion In conclusion, through the research of consumer decision making styles, it offers a great opportunity to understand the characteristic or style of consumer towards their shopping behavior. And this consumer style inventory provides a fundamental for consumer decision making styles and has practical application advantages for marketers in their marketing strategic. However this study has a limitation because it only covered a specific segment of young adult in an local university in Malaysia.For future recommendation, there is a need to study th ese decision making styles among the larger population across different segment in order to get better converge of Malaysia young consumers. References Sproles, G. & Kendall, E. (1986). A Methodology for Profiling Consumers’ Decision-Making Styles, Journal of Consumer Affairs, Vol. 20 (2), pp. 267-279 Mitchell, V. , & Walsh, G. (2004). Gender Differences in German Consumer Decision-Making styles. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 3(4), 331-346 Bakewell, C. & Mitchell, V. W. (2003) Generation Y Female Consumer Decision-Making styles. International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, 31(2), 95-106. Bakewell, C. & Mitchell, V. W. (2006).Male versus Female Consumer Decision Making. Journal of Business Research, 59, 1297-1300. Hiu, A. S. Y. , Siu, N. Y. M. , Wang, C. C. L. & Chang, L. M. K. (2001). An Investigation of Decision-Making Styles of Consumers in China. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 35 (2), 326-345. Safiek, M. & Hayatul, S. S. (2009). Consumer Decision-Making Styles in Malaysia: An Exploratory Study of Gender Differences. European Journal of Social Sciences – Volume 10, Number 4 Safiek, M. (2009). An Investigation of Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Young-Adults in Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Management. Vol. 4, No. 4 Darley, W. K. & Smith, R. E (1995).Gender Differences in Information Processing Strategies: An Empirical Test of the Selectivity Model in Advertising Response. Journal of Advertising, 24(1), 41-59. Meyer-Levy, J. & Sternthal, B. (1991). Gender Differences in the Use of Message Cues and Judgments. Journal of Marketing Research, 29 (1), 84-96. Kaylene C. Williams, K. C. , Page, R. A, Petrosky, A. R. & Hernandez, E. H. (2010). Multi-Generational Marketing: Descriptions, Characteristics, Lifestyles, and Attitudes. Journal of Applied Business and Economics, Vol. 11(2) Sengupta, D. & Titus, R. (2012). Evaluating Environmental Variables to assess Exhibited Behaviour: A Study of Gen Y. International Conference on Technology and Business Management Yeong, N. C. & Lovet, M. G. (2010).Consumer Decision-Making Styles of Hispanic American College Students: A Consumer Styles Inventory Approach. American Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, No 2 Ghodeswar B. M. (2007), â€Å"Consumer Decision-Making Styles Among Indian Students†, Alliance Journal of Business Research, Vol. 3, Spring 2007, pp. 36-48. Gupta, M. , Brantley, A. , & Jackson, V. P. (2010). Product Involvement as a Predictor of Generation Y Consumer Decision Making Styles. The Business Review, Cambridge, Vol. 14, Num. 2 Kambiz, H. H. & Fereshteh, L. (2011). Influence of Family Structure on Consumer Decision-making Style in Iran. International Journal of Business and Management, Vol. 6, No. 11; November 2011

To Clone or not to Clone essays

To Clone or not to Clone essays On February 24, 1997, the whole world was shocked by the news that Scottish scientists had successfully cloned a sheep. Dolly an artificially cloned mammal was born a star. After the shock, that cloning was not only a possibility but a reality, wore off the out cry against human cloning began. Physicians, scientists, politicians and church leaders and many more have been trying to ban the cloning of humans ever since. Is cloning something to be afraid of? I do not believe it is. I believe that cloning will become a tool of science that will, in time, bring many benefits to humankind. The Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia describes a clone as "an organism by an asexual (nonsexual) reproductive process"(clone 1). This definition means that we already have many clones on the earth today. The Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia also states that "the organisms known as prokaryotes (the bacteria and cyanobacteria), a number of other simple organisms, such as most protozoan, many other algae, and some yeasts, also reproduce primarily by cloning, as do certain higher organisms like the dandelion or aspen tree"(clone 1). The Biology Textbook Concepts and Connections describes a clone as "a single organism that is genetically identical to another"(G-5). With this definition we can come to the conclusion that identical twins are also clones. Cloning then is not a new idea but one that has been around since the beginning of time. Embryo Splitting or Blastomere Separation Embryo splitting as Gregory Pence, a medical ethicist, writes is when "an embryo that has already been formed by sexual reproduction is split into two identical halves"(Flesh My Flesh: intro). The National Bioethics Advisory Committee calls this process blasotmere separation and explains that "each cell, called a blastomere, is able to produce a new individual organism"(15). See Appendix A figure one. Pence also writes that embryo splitting is "a process that has ...

The Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian

The Byzantine Roman Emperor Justinian Name: (At birth) Petrus Sabbatius; Flavius Petrus Sabbatius JustinianusBirthplace: ThraceDates: c.482, at Tauresium - 565Ruled: April 1, 527 (jointly with his uncle Justin until August 1) - November 14, 565Wife: Theodora Justinian was a Christian emperor of the Roman Empire on the cusp between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Justinian is sometimes called The Last of the Romans. In Byzantine Matters, Averil Cameron writes that Edward Gibbon didnt know if Justinian belonged in the category of the Roman emperors who had come before or the Greek kings of the Byzantine Empire who came after him. History remembers Emperor Justinian for his reorganization of the government of the Roman Empire and his codification of the laws, the Codex Justinianus, in A.D. 534. Justinian Family Data An Illyrian, Justinian was born Petrus Sabbatius in A.D. 483 in Tauresium, Dardania (Yugoslavia), a Latin-speaking area of the Empire. Justinians childless uncle became the Roman Emperor Justin I in A.D. 518. He adopted Justinian either before or after he became emperor; hence the name Justinianus. Justinians own birth-based status in society was not high enough to command respect without the imperial office, and his wifes position was even worse. Justinians wife, Theodora, was the daughter of a bear-keeper father who became bear-keeper to the Blues (relevant to the Nika Revolts, below), an acrobat mother, and she herself is considered to have been a courtesan. The DIR article on Justinian says Procopius claims Justinians aunt, Empress Euphemia, by marriage, so disapproved the marriage that Justinian waited until she died (before 524) before even starting to deal with the legal impediments to the marriage. Death Justinian died on November 14, 565, in Constantinople. Career Justinian became Caesar in 525. On April 4, 527, Justin made Justinian his co-emperor and gave him the rank of Augustus. Justinians wife Theodora received the rank of Augusta. Then, when Justin died on August 1, 527, Justinian went from joint to sole emperor. Persian Wars and Belisarius Justinian inherited conflict with the Persians. His commander Belisarius obtained a peace treaty in 531. The truce was broken in 540 and so Belisarius was again sent off to deal with it. Justinian also dispatched Belisarius to settle problems in Africa and Europe. Belisarius could do little against the Ostrogoths in Italy. Religious Controversy The religious position of the Monophysites (whom Justinians wife, Empress Theodora, supported) conflicted with the accepted Christian doctrine from the Council of Chalcedon (A.D. 451). Justinian was unable to do anything to resolve the differences. He even alienated the pope in Rome, creating a schism. Justinian expelled teachers of paganism from the Academy in Athens, closing the schools of Athens, in 529. In 564, Justinian adopted the heresy of Aphthartodocetism and tried to impose it. Before the matter was resolved, Justinian died, in 565. Nika Riots However improbable it may seem, this event was born of extreme sports fanaticism and corruption. Justinian and Theodora were Blues fans. Despite fan loyalty, they attempted to reduce the influence of both teams, but too late. The Blue and Green teams created a disturbance in the Hippodrome on June 10, 532. Seven ringleaders were executed, but one of each side survived and became a rallying point that integrated fans of both teams. They and their fans began shouting Nika Victory in the Hippodrome. Now a mob, they appointed a new emperor. Justinians military leaders prevailed and slaughtered 30,000 rioters. Building Projects The damage caused to Constantinople by the Nika Revolt paved the way for Constantines building project, according to DIR Justinian, by James Allan Evans. Procopius book On Buildings [De aedificiis] describes Justinians building projects that included aqueducts and bridges, monasteries, orphanages, hostels, and the Hagia Sophia, which still stands in Constantinople/Istanbul.

Benjamin Franklin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Benjamin Franklin - Essay Example Franklin as a discoverer, he is well known for discovering the lightning rod, bifocals, and the Franklin stove. Franklin also assisted in many civic associations such as the Philadelphia’s fire department and a university. Franklin faced many challenges that he managed to overcome to achieve his goals. For instance, one of the most complicated challenges he experienced was when he appeared before the House of Commons that took place on 13 February 1766 (Isaacson, 2004). The House asked him one hundred and seventy four questions regarding taxation without representation in a limit of only two hours. There were also more series of problems that he faced; his father took him out of school when he was still young so that he could do a job and earn some money, which he was never pleased with that decision because he really liked going to school (Clark, 2004). He also faced another irritating challenge when he was at the age of 17 years for being overweight. He was extremely well-built and skinny because he spent most of his time swimming and trying to be more sporty during the last days of his life, and trying to coach other people on the basics of swimming even when he was seventy years old. Franklin was also mocked, dishonored and was ousted from his position as the postmaster general, and was held responsible by the British government for the Boston Tea Party (Clark, 2004). He was also not so good in academic work and he did not do well in academics more so in mathematics that he was scoring very low grades. Benjamin Franklin helped in major contributions and accomplishments in the history of the Unite States. For example, he was one of the founding Fathers of the U.S., assisted in the drafting of both the declaration of independence and constitution of the U.S., which was the most significant achievement of his life (McCormick, 2008). He came from a poor background and through his efforts and hard works; he became one of the great figures in the American