Pushing Tin Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pushing Tin - Movie Review Example Despite the fact that Nick is a cheerfully hitched man to a sweet spouse Connie, he succumbs to Bells wife when he met her at a market. Scratch has a genuine character brimming with knowledge that empowers him jump on the track, through Bell’s help after her better half leaves him. The film unwinds a few feelings of anxiety experienced by a various workforce. The changing occasions of globalization accompanies included requests the laborers to perform more obligations industriously at a similar compensation as in the past. Incorporated pressure model portrays stressors as happening in working environments, which incorporate nonworking encounters, and during significant life changes (Edward 410). Lazarus and Folkman as cited by NEIU contend that stressors are beneficial encounters or conditions that undermine a significant objective including support of ones physical trustworthiness and mental prosperity (Kemeny 1). Stressors influence different comprehension states causing uneasiness, misery, disappointment, weakness, and an overpowered self-being. The model supporters for sifting stressors in that a stressor can be energizing to one individual and unsafe to another. Moreover, the model recommends character, aptitudes, family wellbeing history, socioeconomics, diet, and physical wellness as certain arbitrators of stress. From the film Pushing Tin, Nick’s abilities make him remarkable on a vocation that has so much weight. At the point when the carrier the executives chooses to cutback other air controllers, Nick figures out how to keep his activity. He brags of his capacity to deal with serious worry in work that has an exceptionally high level of staff turnovers. Coordinated model causes us clarify why two people exposed to comparable distressing work conditions will act in an unexpected way. While the activity conditions energize and function admirably for Nick, similar conditions are so unfriendly to other air controllers and they need to speedy employment. Scratch has exceptional abilities and strength that makes him stick out. In the equivalent distressing working conditions, Bell comes in and beats

Project Management Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints, and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in the Nigerian Power Sector

Official Summary This exploration work is intended to research vitality industry in Nigeria, especially the Power Holding Company of Nigeria’s dealings as far as task the board. Basically, the investigation will concentrate on an assortment of issues relating the company’s achievements, requirements, and current changes in the force industry.Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on Project Management: Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints, and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in the Nigerian Power Sector explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The examination will be named â€Å"Project Management: Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in The Nigerian Power Sector†. It is of discovering how venture the board has been led, challenges included, and in the end victories accomplished. The goal of t he examination will be to feature the significance of PHCN, its accomplishments since development, research the development or decay the force area, explore difficulties confronted, and study the ebb and flow changes being attempted, just as their advantages. Pertinent information for this examination theme will be sourced from various sources both essential and auxiliary sources. A graphic technique for study will be utilized for this examination. Surveys will be given to the staff in the association, where 210 individuals will take part. An example of 140 will be drawn from this populace. Chi-square test will be utilized to test the legitimacy of the speculation. Foundation The failure of the vast majority of the nations in Africa to give access to capacity to the greater part of its residents has been considered as the revile on advancement (Okoro, Chikuni 2007 p. 125). Vitality is especially vital for any nation that needs to accomplish feasible turn of events. Many created urba n communities over the world have seen those sorts of enormous developments in view of accessibility and access to vitality (Barnett Rolando, 2002, p. 177). The accessibility to various areas of the nation consistently decides the rate and level of improvement of that nation. Vitality is a vital component of changing a subsidence economy to a help situated or creation economy (Ekpo, Iyoha 2007, p.127). Vitality has immense effect on training, assembling and creation, administration wellbeing, transport, lodging and other demography. The requirement for sheltered and solid wellspring of vitality has motivated nations to build up organizations that would empower them to deliver, and disseminate vitality. One of such organizations is the Power Holding Company of Nigeria (Ekpo, Iyoha 2007, p.127).Advertising Looking for proposition on venture the board? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Lack of access to these vitality sources can c ause and increment in neediness. For example, individuals would invest a great deal of energy looking for inexpensively accessible sources like kindling and charcoal for cooking and lighting (Barnett Rolando, 2002, p. 177). These reason so much discharge consequently not inviting for the earth. Moreover, modest sources can cause wellbeing dangers for example utilization of paraffin and coal, as they require incredibly enormous ventilation to consume. The best vitality elective has been power as it is spotless and astoundingly effective. Its improvement in Nigeria returns to the late nineteenth century. During that time, in 1898, the principal power creating organization was worked in Lagos. As indicated by Okoro and Chikuni (2007), â€Å"Distribution of intensity was somewhat poor until 1950s since, the example of power lines was a couple of individual power endeavors dissipated across urban centres† (p.125). Not many of those endeavors were open works divisions, and civil co mmittees (Ekpo, Iyoha 2007, p.127). The force Holding organization of Nigeria (PHCN) saves the position to create and disseminate power. The organization has an introduced limit of 4,200 MW, an objective it never comes to. At the best minutes, the organization produces 3,300 MW. Just 40% of the populace approaches power, and it deteriorates in rustic zones where just 10% of individuals approach power (Hall 2006, p. 7; Ariyo, Jerome 2004, p.5). Exploration Aims The objective of the examination will be to research the achievements, challenges and the flow changes that PHCN looked during its venture the board tries. This contextual investigation helps in seeing how the association has been performing since its beginning as far as force creation and appropriation in the nation. Explicit points of the examination incorporated the following:Advertising We will compose a custom proposition test on Project Management: Power Holding Company of Nigeria (PHCN), Its Accomplishments, Constraints , and Current Reform In Relation To Project Management in the Nigerian Power Sector explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More To research the significance, accomplishments or the advantages of PHCN arrangement To look at the development and decay of the force creation and circulation To explore the momentum changes in the force division and suggest fitting techniques that could better in the ebb and flow power creation and conveyance Objectives The goal of the investigation was to dissect the task the executives of the PHCN in Nigeria. Different destinations of the examination will be; To consider the different systems the force segment has experienced and the achievements accomplished by every one of these systems To deciding the effect of the development and working of PHCN on the force segment in Nigeria To explore the qualities and difficulties of PHCN in all segments of PHCN Questions Significance This exploration will be enormously valuable to each division in Nig eria’s economy especially the PHCN and its administration need to build up an approach, which will guarantee proficient and successful force creation and conveyance (Ibitoye, Adenikinju 2007, p. 501). The examination will assist with featuring the difficulties that plague PHCN. The state possessed association (PHCN) will have the option to utilize this exploration to survey its productivity and methods for working so it can make alterations in its undertaking the board methodologies where fundamental. This perspective will assist chiefs with developing thoughts and answer for the said difficulties henceforth thinking of the most ideal approaches to deal with its undertakings. The investigation wants to stimulate more examination into the useful divisions of the organization by researchers thus widening research assets. Thusly, the examination will be of gigantic advantage to directors and investigates as a perspective for study and dynamic. Writing Review To have the option t o comprehend the situation of Nigeria’s power division in a commonsense setting, it is relevant to have a concise audit of the PHCN improvements to offer more understanding in the business since its commencement (Ibitoye, Adenikinju 2007, p. 501). Brief History of PHCN Decree number 24 of April 1972 shaped the National Electric Power Authority (NEPA) framed after the converging of the Niger Dam Authority and the Electricity Corporation of Nigeria (ECN) (Hall 2006, p. 7). The 2005 unbinding of NEPA prompted the development of Power Holding Company of Nigeria. NEPA had been built up to keep up productive and composed force gracefully to all aspects of the nation. Notwithstanding the issues that NEPA looked after its arrangement, the association had the option to make noteworthy improvements in the country’s financial turn of events. This saw Nigeria advance surprisingly quick into the mechanical society.Advertising Searching for proposition on venture the board? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Significance of PHCN The force creation and dissemination industry in Nigeria is under the administration of the Power Holding Company of Nigeria. The force division has seen various change imagined that has not been sufficient to build its gracefully of capacity to the individuals and still the flexibly fall underneath 40% (Okoro, Chikuni 2007 p. 125). In any case, somewhere in the range of not many benefits of PHCN have been distinguished as follows: The force holding organization of Nigeria has essentially improved the power charging framework and customers would now be able to settle their bill advantageously and by means of an a lot simpler procedure (PHCN 2004, p.1). Therefore, bank income assortment framework was acquainted with supplement the assortment of money from the PHCN counters. This program has empowered help of brief and standard settlement of the month to month power bills. This has been made conceivable by the way that clients are not, at this point required to go out of their local locations to towns to take care of power tabs (PHCN 2004, p.1). Client support has improved because of standardization of the business. There is full and precise settling of bills and the staff is increasingly persuaded to carry out their responsibility (PHCN 2004, p.1). Organization Background in Various Regimes and Achievements Supply of power initiated after development of two little creating set to illuminate Lagos. By 1951, ECN was built up by demonstration of parliament to direct the conveyance. The Niger Dams Authority (NDA) was built up after development of a hydropower station of R. Niger in 1968, to disseminate power (ESI 2004, p.18). The two bodies converged in 1972 to become NEPA. NEPA was unbundled to establish power changes to be renamed Power Holding Company of Nigeria in 2005 (Ekpo 2008, p.78). NEPA was state claimed association vertically incorporated force the executives firm. The association has the power to create, transmit, and convey power. A s an open service organization, NEPA has had the option to tap the country’s enormous water possibilities to builds power creation (Anoruo 2004, p.2). The NDA had the option to build essential dams in Nigeria including Kainji, Afam, Del

The Industries Where People Are Most Likely to Quit Their Jobs

The Industries Where People Are Most Likely to Quit Their Jobs Individuals take steps to stop their employments constantly. That doesn’t mean they do. Be that as it may, it is a typical enough hold back and a typical enough event. Turns out, in any case, it is by all accounts more typical in specific fields than in others. Here are 10 fields generally helpless to losing personnel.1. HospitalityYou give holding up a shot grouchy individuals your whole week's worth of work. Food administration representatives and individuals in the movement business work insane hours and are paid nearly nothing, which can be hard to support. Also, this industry draws youngsters enhancing their pay and frequently loses representatives to their eternity careers.2. HealthcareHigh stakes, high pressure. It’s difficult having people’s lives in your grasp. Some of the time this field can be an excessive amount to take long term.3. Genuine EstateIt’s sufficiently simple to get your permit and begin rehearsing. However, this activity is quite t roublesome as far as making real progress. Practically 50% of hopeful specialists quit in the wake of neglecting to make their first deal. Without the correct arrangement aptitudes and deals ability, it very well may be fantastically hard to stick out.4. Non-profitHard work, individual development†¦ no cash. Except if you’re in a top administration position, this can be a disappointing and unrewarding endeavor. Loads of non-benefit segment workers will in general relocate into the private area to make more money.5. Mining/loggingTalk about overwhelming, unsafe work. There’s a high danger of fatalities in this field and the income are nearly low. So when diggers or lumberjacks get a shot out, they quite often take it.6. ConstructionThis vocation decision isn't horrendously very much redressed, and can be incredibly dangerous.7. RetailMuch like the administration business, retail pulls in more youthful workers who can endure the low time-based compensation and upset ting, rigid hours. Be that as it may, not many stick around in the event that they can help it.8. Expressions and entertainmentLots of individuals have dreams to be entertainers, on-screen characters, artists, performers, and so on. In any case, the vocation is particularly testing and paid open doors are scant. Given the trouble in finding a steady profession way, heaps of craftsmen wind up finding other work.9. Exchanges/transportMany laborers who quit this field move onto better chances, considering the gifted work included. A few, notwithstanding, don’t, for example, cab drivers, truckers, cargo haulers, and so on. The work can be burdening and the compensation generally low.10. Transportation warehousing/utilitiesWith a significantly higher casualty rate than mining and logging, these laborers are at an exceptionally high hazard for work environment injury. Also, once more, the compensation is regularly barely worth the hazard.

Effective Strategies For Cross-Cultural Communication Research Paper

Compelling Strategies For Cross-Cultural Communication - Research Paper Example With the finish of fundamental and auxiliary changes, the pioneers of the new worker bunches are designated and prepared on the center initiative courses that include the consideration of resilience when managing individuals from different social foundations. The pioneers are educated on the fundamentals of correspondence, and how positive correspondence methodologies propel the laborers and ingrain great hierarchical conduct. Subsequent to doing the Integration movement, the organization bonds the workers together, addressing about their encounters and the favorable circumstances they have gained from the procedure of acquisition. With the fruition of foundational and basic advances, the pioneers of the new representative gatherings are delegated and prepared on the center administration courses that include the consideration of resilience when managing individuals from various social foundations. The pioneers are educated on the basics of correspondence, and how positive correspo ndence techniques persuade the laborers and impart great hierarchical conduct. In the wake of completing the Integration action, the organization securities the workers together, addressing about their experiences.â To quantify the effect of the results of the preparation procedure to reduce the worries of culturally diverse correspondence. In Microchip, the organization accomplishes its objectives consistently, with the outcomes mirroring a 80%achievemnt in reason satisfaction. It is apparent from the instance of Microchip that the principle answer for the troubles in correspondence is preparing.

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Showcasing - Essay Example Advertisers need to give close consideration to various parts of showcasing both in genuine and computerized promoting strategies; thusly their key duty is to build up an incorporated linkage between the mental pictures of item depicted through different showcasing procedures. In rundown, client ought to be furnished with a sensible perspective on the item through promoting, so he doesn't feel sold out while using the item just because, along these lines invalidating the chance of overpromising. 2.0 Literature Review However, this idea is not well characterized by the current writing of promoting (Cornelisson, 2003), so increasingly observational investigation is justified for concerning this significant subject. IMC is accounted for to positively affect the brand picture of the item (Reid, Luxton, and Movondo, 2005), through this method items can be promoted worldwide in insignificant money related ramifications. Another examination is of the view that promoting joins, verifiable pr oof, present turn of events and future ramifications of an item upon customer’s personal satisfaction. However, ordinary notice philosophies couldn't convey these parts of the item (Finne and Gronroos, 2009). In this way, the limited time exercises concentrated on the current advancement of the item, along these lines client couldn't relate the past, present and future with the item, this made the effect of showcasing drop before. Be that as it may, the accessibility of electronic media, for example, web spilling video innovation, gives a ground to advertisers to coordinate the multiple times of an item before clients and possibilities. IMC is likewise accepted to be exceptionally adaptable in nature and could be utilized to advertise wide scope of items and administrations. (Karma and Moffatt, 2009). Henceforth this strategy for promoting depends on the idea of featuring abstractive characteristics of the item, for example, great looks if there should be an occurrence of app arel and straightforward entry for a site. The wonder under examination is likewise intended to construct client linkages on close to home level, since notices seem unstable and extremely proceeding onward web and social destinations (Smith, 2010). In this way help in building a client base for an item. And yet the item which is publicized through IMC, must be accessible in the market, with the goal that client could be encouraged while settling on buy choice. Promoters are constrained to utilize different showcasing channels to provide food for different sorts of clients; anyway the soundness of message’s seriousness is a huge test for business experts (Zavrsnik and Jerman). IMC is immeasurably acknowledged in the promoting of inns and different administrations (Comm, Saura, and Rijeci, 2009) . This paper turns its concentration towards breaking down the well known instances of executing IMC in a certifiable setting by The See-board Energy and Ice inn AB. These associations have a place with totally different organizations, yet the pertinence of IMC could be featured by the investigation of these two battles. As a matter of first importance, this

STEM

STEM STEM Home›Economics Posts›STEM Economics PostsScience, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) fields of profession have been in the forefront in development of the America’s economy. Although this category of professionals has been facing with numerous problems, its significance cannot be down played. Recent statistics indicates that the proportion of native STEMs has been deteriorating over the past decade in comparison to the number of foreign professionals that are taking up careers in these fields. Colleges and individuals are presented with the challenge of ensuring that innovations and inventions that are associated with STEM are carried on through constant and elaborate community activities aimed at imparting the general lifestyles and at the same time conveying the importance of STEM fields to our nation.In the 21st century when the economic structures are climaxing and educational systems are at their peaks, an alien would think America is busy thinking about the next space adventure or weird scientific exploits (Babco 14). It’s true, scientists, Technologists, Engineers and Mathematicians are progressively making new discoveries and improving the already sophisticated technology, but there are problems with the workforce demanded. With every new venture there emergence dozens of new challenges, it’s for this reason that the demand a larger workforce working in this volatile field of profession has been increasing rapidly. Conversely, the number of youths interested in STEM related jobs has been decreasing. STEM based Community colleges and organization, have great challenges in ensuring that the community responds positively to the calls for vigilance and maintaining the technological prowess on track.Colleges have been adjusting their curricula to ensure that the programs they offer are aligned with the current technological requirements and at the same time they are tuned to be suited for students, both studying and aspiring to ta ke graduate programs in STEM fields. Streamlining stable pipeline for successful degree and advanced degree programs requires the colleges to involve the community organizations working in STEM related fields as well as other stakeholders while formulating new programs. Colleges are a paramount factor in the development of the economy and formulation of development policies.The community organizations on the other hand are the actuators of the economy. The Department of Labor for instance has been a robust contributor in development of the pipeline for STEM employments. It has been the pertinent responsibility of the department to train and encourage more people to join STEM workforce. With an ever increasing demand for specialized skills, Community-based Job Training Grants have been developed to aid community colleges in producing tailor-made workforce. The community at the same time has been handed the responsibility of ensuring that the targets made in the STEM pipeline are actu ally achieved. With the number of student admission in STEM colleges decreasing tremendously, the community has been challenged to encourage more youths to join STEM pipeline and help propagate the development prospects of the United States of America and the world at large (Zinth 27).Personal responsibility has not been relegated to individual goals. It is apt that individual working or venturing into STEM fields work with other parties to increase its popularity amongst their peers and the larger community. Personal interests in technology have been the core to different innovations that have been witnessed during this era. While at Illinois Institute of Technology, I believe that I can impose my influence and encourage members of my family and friends to join the STEM community. At the same time I will use the acquired skills coupled with my innovativeness to impact the current technology. With the guidance of my instructors and the motivation drawn from the STEM pipeline initiat ives, I believe that by the time I leave Illinois Institute of Technology I will have an imprint of my influence along my technological track.In conclusion, all stakeholders in STEM pipeline development should work hand in hand for the good of STEM fields of profession. STEM communities have hefty responsibilities that the successes and progresses that have been witnessed in the past are carried on. It is also the mandated of the community organizations to offset the current imbalances especially the representation of women, Hispanic-American, Native-American and African-American in STEM fields. Individual on the other hand should use their abilities and influences for the good of STEM pipeline.

Epigram Examples

Epigram Examples Epigram An epigram is a brief, witty statement about a topic. It is often satirical (containing verbal irony) and memorable for the surprising way in which it addresses a subject. Epigrams are sometimes used in poetry, as well as in everyday speech. The definition of epigram is very broad, and one person might see something as an epigram when another does not consider it to be. Examples of Epigram: Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put an end to mankind." JFK "Little strokes fell great oaks." Benjamin Franklin "An unbending tree is easily broken." Lao Tzu "Another golden rule is: don't lose your cool." Yogi Bear "I wanted to be the first woman to burn her bra, but it would have taken the fire department four days to put it out." Dolly Parton "I can resist everything but temptation." Oscar Wilde "There is only one thing in the world that is worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about." Oscar Wilde "The best thing to hold on to in life is each other." Audrey Hepburn "Of all my verse, like not a single line; But like my title, for it is not mine. That title from a better man I stole: Ah, how much better, had I stol'n the whole." Robert Louis Stevenson A man said to the universe: "Sir, I exist!" "However," replied the universe, "The fact has not created in me A sense of obligation."Stephen Crane

Leadership as a Human Quality - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1934 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction Leadership can be defined as the process of achieving a set goal through the use of human direction in achieving this (Prentice, 1961). A successful leader is the one who considers both the managerial members together with the minor stakeholders in achieving the goals set by the institution. Employees mainly prefer a democratic leadership whereby they are allowed to express themselves to the managerial team and can be effectively listened to (Prentice, 1961).). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Leadership as a Human Quality" essay for you Create order Leadership is well explained by theories which includes leader-member exchange theory of leadership, transactional leadership, transformational leadership, charismatic leadership including many others. Each of this theories applies its own managerial principles which are totally different from others. Leadership plays an important role in the pursuit of achieving the set goals that are set by the organization. Both the managerial team and the junior workers plays an important role in the process of leading the organization to achieving the set goals. It is described as one of the most multifaceted and complex phenomena which has been applied by the psychological as well as organizational research (Burns, 1978). Leadership can be examined in terms of set of styles of leadership that are being employed in the leadership process, presumed cognitive processes as well as the terms of enduring traits. In present world, employees have become much educated and more skilled than before. There is need for involving them in decision making process since they have the required knowledge, both managerial and also technical and thus their involvement in decision making is much important and can much influence achieving of the set goals. The process of involving employees in the sharing of duties and also making decisions concerning the organization can be used as a motivation process in today’s world. This makes the employees feel being part of the management team and thus they commit all their skills to the organization which makes it to achieve its set objects. Leader-member exchange theory of leadership This is the most appropriate leadership theory in our present world as both the leaders and the workers are involved in the decision making concerning the organization. The relationship between the managers and the employees is a key factor that influences the success of the organization (Bass, 1990). The managers are referred to as the leaders while the employees are the followers. As we know, employees have different levels of capabilities as well as commitment to the duties that are being assigned to them. Leaders always will tend to have a good and close relationship with employees who seems to be committed to their duties and to those that are delivering exactly what is expected of them without having to be forced or closely supervised as they undertake their duties (Higgs, 2003). Depending on the commitment of the employees to the organization, leaders can classify their followers into two categories that includes the in-group followers and the out-group followers (Graen Cashman, 1975). The in-group members are mainly those employees that are loyal, trustworthy, committed to their duties and those that are well skilled with high capability of handling the duties that are assigned to them (Fiedler, 1964). Leaders will always tend to be close to such employees. The manager trust much the members of this group (King, 1990). Managers always have high attention to this group of employees, they even offer opportunities for additional training, they always providing challenging but interesting duties to them, and the managers always create a lot of time with this group (Fiedler, 1964). Modern means of management are computerized to reduce manpower cost and also to increase efficient. Managers will like to have employees who are personal driven and those who need li ttle attention in order to carry out their duties. Managers will tend to avoid employees who are incompetent, low capacity to carry out their duties, those who are lazy, those who are very sensitive to work closing hours and those who cannot sacrifice their resources for the sake of the organization. The out-group members are mainly made up of the followers who betrays the trust of the manager to them or those that have already proved that they are lacking motivation or they are incompetent (Bass, 1990). The group work assigned to these employees is less challenging and high restricted as compared to that which is assigned to the in-group members (Lewin et al., 1939). They tend to have limited access to the managers and also the chances for advancement are also limited. This group also needs keen monitoring as they undertake their duties since they are not motivated enough to be self-driven. The presence management system does not favor this group of employees as they need keen monitoring as they undertake their duties. The outgroup members may start to dislike and distrust their employees as they may not be in peace with them due to their unpleasing behaviors of handling duties. The members of this group may be forced to change department or even organization because once the leaders know that you are incompetent in the way that you handle your duties, it may be hard for one to prove it wrong to the employer. Leaders need to classify the employees in this two groups before they start working with them so as to make the management activities easier. Role making process is process that is functionally dependent on both the employees and employers. Leaders and followers have to agree on how the leadership process would be done so as to make sure that a good and conducive management process exist between the employer and the employee (King, 1990). Any role making process can be used in the process of describing the development of both relationship norms as well as interlocked behavior between each of their members (Graen Cashman, 1975). The early stage interactions between the leaders and followers can determine the likely nature of the emergent leadership structure. Majority of the employees will be members of outgroup and the only selected members will belong to in-group. Some subordinate managers may even belong to the outgroup members according to the level in which they commit themselves to the managerial duties of the organization. Generally, outgroup members receive lower performance ratings and face many problems with their supervisors as compared to the members of the in-group (Graen Cashman, 1975). In-group members majorly have strong ties with their employers as compared to those that exist between the employers and outgroup. Ideas given by the members of in-group to the leaders are more valued than those given to the employers by the members of out-group as they are seen to be incompetent and of low knowledge and capability. Leaders will prefer in-group employees to out-group employees so as to reduce the increased managerial task that the outgroup members may demand from the managers. This theory explains well how the present world can be well placed with this leadership theory. Research supporting leader-member exchange theory In the process of describing this theory, two important assumptions are made. The first assumption is that some interlocked behaviors has to be shaped and this started early back in the history of this theory (Higgs, 2003). The second assumption was that some relationship between leader and follower has to be developed carefully over an extended period of time (Higgs, 2003). The two participants have to gain mutual trust between one another. The study that was carried out in the approval of this theory involved sixty managers who were undergoing complete reorganization (King, 1990). Almost 90 percent of the reporting relationships had at least one new member as almost 50 percent of the managers were in new positions and one third of the managers were in new organization (Lewin et al., 1939). The theory of leader-member exchange was studied for a period of more than one month. The results that were obtained from this formed a consistency network of reliable relationships (King, 1990). Routine is done by leaders by developing an in-group exchange with only selected few members and also out-group with the rest of the group members. The in-group members receive more unit involvement activities and also greater positional resources from the employers as compared to the one received by the out group members (Burns, 1978). It was then observed that leaders of managerial units responded with manners which in one way or another served to differentiate their unit during times when faced with the task of new working relationships with the majority of the members that they lead (Burns, 1978). Leaders attempted to form special interaction groups with some of the subordinate managers and this transcended the formal employment contract. How race, gender and power can influence the effectiveness of leader-member theory Race plays a major impact on the effectiveness of the leadership. In many cases especially a white man, white people are considered more special than the black people and thus this is a form of discrimination. Race leads to the creation of respect between the leaders and followers and this plays an important role in how the relationship between the leader and the followers is created (Higgs, 2003). The fact that people of different races may not know each other well will mean that respect between the two individuals will exist. This then leads to the achievement of the set goals since both the leader and the follower will play his or her role effectively with due respect. However, in cases where there is racial discrimination between the leader and employees, a good relationship is likely not to develop and thus the effectiveness of leader-member exchange theory may be reduced (Fiedler, 1964). Leader-member exchange theory relies much on the relationship of the leader and follower an d thus for the effectiveness of this theory, a good relationship between the leader and follower is very important. Leadership power is very important in the process of making this theory to be effective. In this theory, the leaders need to effectively use their powers well since the theory encourages a good relationship between the leader and follower, some of the followers, especially members of in-group may decide to use that close relationship with the leader for their personal gains (French Raven, 1959). This will make leadership effective and thus there is need for the leaders of keep their level of interaction with the employees with a gap so as to make sure that effective leadership is maintained. Too much good relationship between the leaders and the followers may lead to lack of respect between the two stakeholders and this may lower the effectiveness of this theory (Bass, 1985). Gender plays also an important role in making this theory effective. Men are good in employing this leadership theory. Gender plays an important part of leadership. There should be no sexual discrimination in the place of work as this will make the theory less effective. This theory, when properly employed can lead to the organization achieving all of its set goals in an easier way.   The relationship between the leader and the follower is much important and needs to be well maintained. Conclusion Leadership plays an important role in the pursuit of the organization to achieve its set objectives. A good relationship between the managers and the junior staff is very important as this will make the employees to be committed to their duties so as to achieve the success of the company. The process of involving employees in the decision making makes them feel to be valued and part of the organization which then makes them to commit themselves to the organization activities thus achieving the goals of the company. Leader-member exchange theory is a reliable leadership theory that can lead the company to achieving great in its management and also set goals.

Essay on Nursing Homosexuality and United States

And the Band Played On University of Central Florida Question #1 Based on what you observed in the film or read in the book; clearly articulate and delineate at least three of the sociopolitical factors that influenced public health policy development for HIV/AIDs prevention and control in the United States. Then discuss separately each of the three sociopolitical factors each factor and discussion is equal to three points each. The three sociopolitical factors that influenced public health policy development for HIV/Aids prevention and control in the United States were identifying early possible ways of spreading the disease, how it affected our blood supply and that to acknowledge the social implications that it could be†¦show more content†¦There was also a woman who was an IV drug user who had contracted AIDS. This helped to dispel the myth that it was only a gay disease, but was transported through the blood; therefore our blood supply was at risk. The CDC in Atlanta met in 1983 and motioned to change the name from GRID to AIDS w hich was Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. However, because of expense the blood banks refused to change testing procedures. Eventually, the blood banks finally agree to test but many people were affected with AIDS virus before that finally took place. (Spelling, Vincent Spottiswoode, 1993). One of the big factors early on is that no one wanted to be associated with AIDS due to the fact that it was considered a homosexual man’s disease. There was a lot of fear, denial and anger surrounding this disease. In 1981at the CDC Dr. Guinan asks that a report about an epidemic with gay men had broken out and he wanted it published in the medical journal. The fear of the word â€Å"homosexual† was marked off and not used for that article. It took a long time for the realization that this disease could affect everyone from homosexual males, IV drug users, blood transfusion patients, women and even babies. Even though it was initially considered the disease came from gay men and their sexual practices it crossed all borders as time went on. Still today there is some prejudice regarding AIDS. (Spelling, Vincent Show MoreRelatedHomosexuality1131 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Kiuana Ingram Ms. Lemons English IV Period 6 18 November 2013 Homosexuality Homosexuality is the sexual orientation toward people of the same sex. Female homosexuals are referred to as Lesbians. Years ago, the term gay has been applied to both homosexual women and men. The potential for homosexual behavior appears to be a basic part of human sexuality, since many people experience homosexual interest, curiosity, or activity at some point in their lives. Homosexual behavior has also beenRead MoreOn-Going Fear of AIDS Essay1550 Words   |  7 Pages16). The fear, stigmatization, and discrimination of people with AIDS and the disease in general have many underlying factors. People have feared and still fear AIDS today because of their misunderstanding of how AIDS is spread, their dislike of homosexuality, and their preexisting prejudices against many of the groups affected by AIDS. In the early 1980s, AIDS was first discovered, but the doctors and scientists at the time did not know how it was being spread. Multiple cases of Pneumocystis cariniiRead MoreHealthcare : A Huge Part Of Our Lives1604 Words   |  7 Pageseducating the general public, nursing individuals with ailments back to health, and assisting with keeping America in good health. There are many challenges that the healthcare field is faced with; including, a shortage of workers, the 2010 health care reform, and the disparities of diversity. One challenge threatening the health care field is the shortage of workers. The shortage of Registered Nurses is well known, but the background applies to all sectors in health care. 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Demographics There is approximately nine percent of the population in the United States with transvestite fetish with almost three percent of males that has experienced at least one episode in their life. The state of Florida has about 4.6% of its residents with approximately 4% locally within the Miami Dade county area that are transvestites. Transvestites tend to clump together and createRead Morethe verdict Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pages Sociological Imagination Essay Galen College of Nursing Sociological Imagination Essay In 1959, sociologist, C. Wright Mills, had said that in order to think critically about the world around us, we need to use our sociological imagination in order to see the connections of our personal lives to the larger groups on history (Conley, 2011). Mills states that this is the idea of an individual being able to understand their own life experiences by inserting themselvesRead More Rape and Intimate Partner Abuse In The Lesbian Community Essay examples1577 Words   |  7 PagesIn every 45 seconds, someone is sexually violated in the United States. Out of every 6 women, one has experienced an attempted rape or complete rape. Lesbians and bisexual women remain at increased risk of sexual victimization compared to heterosexual women. In order for a woman to determine the direction of her life, she must first determine her sexuality. Sexuality is a deep, integral part of any human’s life. This should not be a subject of coercion or debate. The society must recognize that aRead More Rape and Intimate Partner Abuse1558 Words   |  7 PagesIn every 45 seconds, someone is sexually violated in the United States. Out of every 6 women, one has experienced an attempted rape or complete rape. Lesbians and bisexual women remain at increased risk of sexual victimization compared to heterosexual women. In order for a woman to determine the direction of her life, she must first determine her sexuality. Sexuality is a deep, integral part of any human’s life. This should not be a subject of coercion or debate. The society must recognize that a

Essay about Footloose Comparison - 1029 Words

Dr. Faucette English 111 October 14, 2013 Footloose â€Å"While the 1984 original is hardly a perfect film, New Footloose has some hefty shoes to fill,† as stated by Benjamin Wood. The original movie and new make of the movie Footloose are perfect examples of change in pop culture. In my essay, I have decided to compare and contrast the values and characteristics of these two movies. From the first to the second there are the same basic ideas, but so many differences in the characters and events. Christ Lemire describes the old Footloose as a â€Å"flood of fond memories† for anyone who grew up in the 1980s. This movie was a true symbol of the growth of pop culture during this time. The main character, played by Kevin Bacon, was a bad boy†¦show more content†¦Unlike the first, the boy actually lost his mother from a battle with cancer. This shows how different our world is today. It also shows his motivation behind his urge to dance and his movement against the council in the town. The second movie has the same script and outline as the first. The difference is the way the characters walk, talk, and act. They wear clothes that are more dated to our pop culture now. Also this movie is different in the fact that nowadays it would be very rare and very uncommon for a city to ban dancing. Have you seen Miley Cyrus lately? I mean she isn’t the first to do something crazy. In my opinion, this second movie is viewed and focused more along the lines of the love story between the boy and the rebellious girl. The film and the tunes were intertwined to create a pop-culture phenomenon unlike any were likely to see anymore, outside of perhaps Glee, simply because we consume entertainment so differently 27 years later (Lemire). I personally love the second one, but it wasn’t a big deal to everyone like the first was. I never even knew about it until it came on the television one day while I was bored watching TV. Our culture today is more worried and focused on other things. No o ne cares about old timey tales of little things that government or church kept us from doing. Everyone pretty much does what they want to. It’s odd that we live in a world that needs two Footlooses (Wood). The first movie managed to dance its way into theShow MoreRelatedExport Promotion Strategy vs. Import Substitution Strategy1745 Words   |  7 Pagesterms of economic development. However, are there any other aspects that EP is better than IS? In this essay, the detailed comparisons between these two strategies will be discussed in three main parts: (1) industrial sector; (2) agriculture and service sector; and (3) international trade policy. Also, the merits of IS and the limits of EP will be mentioned. 2. Comparisons between EP and IS 2.1 Definition of IS and EP: The IS strategy prescribed by structuralists such as Presbish (1950) andRead More Music And Stress Essay1296 Words   |  6 PagesÅ’sing-a- long interface worked best. 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Economic Indicators Paper - 1521 Words

Economic Indicators Paper What does it mean when someone refers to the health of an economy? Furthermore, how can one classify an economy? Americans love to quantify data. Because of this inherent need to compare data, economists have developed a way to collect nearly every type of statistics that may reveal the general health of the economy. These statistics actually tell if the economy is productive and efficient or if it is slow and inefficient. Included in these statistics are Gross Domestic Product (GDP), Consumer Price Index (CPI), Unemployment Rate, Retail Sales, Producer Price Index (PPI), and Personal Income. Included in this paper, Team A defines the preceding six indicators, and describes their status. Additionally, a†¦show more content†¦There have been many indicators that have been developed to measure inflation. The CPI measures inflation as experienced by consumers through their everyday expenses. The Producer Price Index (PPI) measures inflation during the early stages of busine ss development, such as production and sales. The best measure of inflation for a given application depends upon how one intends to use this data. CPI allows businesses to adjust prices based upon a comparison of the current cost of a defined set of goods and/or services to the cost of those same goods at a time in the past. It is also, the best measure to use to translate retail sales and hourly earnings into real or inflation-free dollars (2005). The CPI is the most widely used measure of inflation and is sometimes viewed as an indicator of the effectiveness of government economic policy. It provides information about price changes in the Nations economy to government, business, labor, and private citizens and is used by them as a guide to making economic decisions. 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Foreign Direct Investment Free Essays

Foreign direct investment (FDI) is probably the single most important factor contributing to the globalization of the international economy. FDI are increasingly strong economic links between developing and industrialized countries, and also among developing countries. Foreign direct investment in developing countries (LDCs) have increased nearly four-fold in the 1990s and now account for almost 40 per cent, reaching some $120 billion in 1997. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment or any similar topic only for you Order Now Foreign direct investment is now by far the largest source of all capital flows to the less developed world. The objective of the FDI is to encourage the flow of investments for productive purposes among member†s countries, and in particular to developing countries. To serve this objective, the WTO must provide some type of guarantees (or insurance) covering foreign direct investment for all parties† host countries, home countries and Multinational corporations† against all the obstacles like Different needs, political risks, abuse of labor, Transfer Restriction, Breach of Contract, corruption, and Tax breaks. WTO must carry out advisory and technical assistance for these parties so that their interests are protected, and must emphasis on multilateral investment agreement (MIA. ) No unilateral action or bilateral The host countries or the developing countries are interested in: (I) development of their services, communities and infrastructure that may help their industrialization and development, (III) production of exportable goods and (III) continuous technological development in their industrial production and services Once MNC has been attracted to a particular destination country, they expect a high level of facilitation services. Governments all too often give inadequate attention to servicing investors† needs, even though large sums of money may have been spent on promotion activities and success has been achieved against fierce international competition. In retune, Investors from industrialized countries want to come to developing countries for two main reasons. First, they apprehend that the return on capital in their home country is not adequate; second, they want to combine their capital with the cheap labor of the host country to reduce the cost of production. So the WTO should regulate the minimum wage for the worker in the host county. If the FDI is only for capturing the domestic market, it may still generate profit for the investor, but such profit may leave the country in foreign exchange. Where there are two serious implications. First, in profitable domestic consumption sectors, foreign investments may overwhelm domestic investors (which may generally not be as strong as the foreign counterparts) and in some cases may eliminate them. Second, some critical sectors, like land, minerals and forests, where countries often like to have effective control on ownership because of social, political and strategic reasons, may, in a big way, pass under the control of foreign nationals. Investors have freedom without any responsibility, except in respect of their own profits. The implementation of the obligations of home countries are ought to be ensured by locating the MIA in the WTO, so that for any perceived infringement, action can be taken against exports of the country. Tax breaks for multinational corporations Multinational corporations, whether American- or foreign-owned, are supposed to pay taxes on the profits they earn in their home country. For example, American companies and individuals aren’t supposed to gain tax advantages from moving their operations or investments to low-tax offshore â€Å"tax havens. † But the tax laws often fail miserably to achieve this goal. Moreover, IRS data show that foreign-owned corporations doing business in the United States typically pay far less in U. S. income taxes than do solely American firms with similar sales and assets. The same loopholes that foreign companies use are also utilized by U. S. -owned multinationals, and even provide motivation for American companies to move plants and jobs overseas. As a result, the WTO must fix these problems in the current system. The WTO must oblige all multinational corporations to provide income report in the overseas operation. Also, the Home County has the right to inspect every movement of goods and services between a multinational company’s domestic and foreign operations, and then attempt to assure that a fair, â€Å"transfer price† was assigned to each real or notional transaction. Host countries insist that foreign firms must meet high domestic-content requirements, take on local partners, or engage in technology-sharing agreements, by contrast, suffer lags in technology acquisition, absence of best management techniques, weak penetration of foreign markets, and flimsy development of a supplier base. Yet developing countries and economies in transition can†t find ways to protect and reward foreign investors who promise to meet domestic content, joint venture, or technology-sharing requirements. Political actions, changes in governments, events or instability may result in unfavorable changes in the value of a foreign security. A new treaty, the repeal or modification of an existing treaty or a change in formal diplomatic relations between the home and the host countries could affect the value or liquidity of investments in that country. Corruption in the developing countries The definition of corruption is misuse of power for private benefit or advantage. Corruption is to all appearances widespread in developing countries and has very serious repercussions on their peoples’ quality of life – above all that of the poor and disadvantaged. This power may, but need not, reside in the public domain. Besides money , the benefit can take the form of protection, special treatment, commendation, or promotion; generally speaking corruption encompasses four main distinguishing features: Undesirable effects on third parties (home county). Also the effects of corruption in developing countries ends up as obvious ignore of community interest. The WTO should monitor the MNC operations in the developing countries so that the real objective is achieved, and to protect the other parties. Breach of Contract † home, host countries and multinational corporations† Different needs of investors and host countries Investors from industrialized countries want to come to developing countries main reason profit. The host developing countries, on the other hand, are interested in development of their services and technological development in their industrial production and services. These two objectives are not incompatible. And the interest of foreign investors and host governments may be harmonized. But it is critical that any FDI agreement meet both objectives. This can be achieved if the investors decide on the capability of specific projects, and the host governments decide on the priority sectors and conditions of FDI, consistent with their economic and development objectives. Wherever the two agree, FDI will flow. But for FDI to have a beneficial effect, it is important to realize that the roles of both sides are significant. An MIA is really not necessary for this purpose. What is needed is that governments have clarity of objectives, and these are spelt out clearly. Sets of transparent and stable criteria adopted and announced by governments can help the foreign investors to assess the viability of investments under those conditions. Naturally, governments wishing to encourage foreign investments will lay down criteria, which will welcome the investors in priority sectors rather than scare them away. If there is sufficient scope for the convergence of the interests of investors and those of the host governments and if it can be brought about by the domestic policies and measures of host governments, why is it then that some industrialized countries are pressing for a multilateral discipline? The main reason is to eliminate or, at least, constrict the powers of host governments regarding the choice of the priority sectors for FDI and obligation of conditions on such investments, so that foreign investors are able to operate unencumbered by such constraints. The main objective of the investors naturally is to earn high profit in a short time and repatriate the profit. And the objective behind bringing the proposed discipline on investments into the folds of the WTO Agreement is to utilize its dispute settlement process to enforce the discipline. The WTO, through its provision of cross-sector retaliation, will enable them to take restrictive measures against the developing countries, which may be perceived as violating the discipline. Foreign investment is often welcome to countries, as it increase the country’s capital and investment stocks. But the main implication of FDI is that the returns on such investments – in the form of dividends and profits, as well as many fees including license fees, management expenses and so on – are sent out of the country in foreign exchange. Hence, if the investments do not help the country, either directly or indirectly, to earn foreign exchange, the negative effects of the outflow may be serious. A change in the exchange rate between the two countries currency may reduce the value of an investment in a security valued in the foreign currency, or based on that currency value. How to cite Foreign Direct Investment, Essay examples Foreign Direct Investment Free Essays Introduction Foreign direct investment (FDI) occurs when a foreign investor exerts direct control over domestic assets. It normally consists of an international capital flow from the home country to a host country for the purpose of acquiring partial or full ownership of tangible business activity. Technically, it is the book value of the equity held by the foreign investor that is attached to the asset. We will write a custom essay sample on Foreign Direct Investment or any similar topic only for you Order Now In most cases, the asset is a firm in a developed country, such as the United States, and the equity consists of two components: ordinary (common stock) and retained earnings. If both foreign and domestic investors own the common stock, then only a portion held by foreign investors is considered to be FDI, and if only a threshold percentage is attained, that is deemed to give the foreign investor control of the business. In the United States, this threshold is 10%, but some countries establish a higher minimum level of stock ownership, usually 25% (Aliber 2003, pp. 91). Foreign investment can take place in two ways: Foreign investors can establish new firms overseas, which they control, or foreign investors can acquire controlling interests in the previously established domestic firms, or spin-offs of such firms. FDI as a vehicle of transnationalization is a major contributor of economic development. Transnational corporations (TNCs) act as significant transmitters of economic, social, cultural, and political change into different countries, sectors, and motivations. TNCs take advantage of geographical differences in the distribution of factors of production (natural resources, capital, labor, etc.) and local policies (taxes, trade incentives, subsidies, etc.). Other than FDI, TNCs engage in various kinds of collaborative ventures by which they coordinate and control transactions within geographically dispersed production networks (Borensztein et al. 2008, pp. 115). Resulting from these ventures, the global economy is envisaged as linking together t wo sets of networks: (1) Organizational (in the form of production circuits and networks) and (2) Geographical (which include localized clusters of economic activity). Political Perspectives Since FDI requires the flow of capital across national borders, it has always been intertwined with politics. Viewed in this way, three different political perspectives to FDI can be identified: radical view, free market view, and pragmatic nationalism. The radical view, which can be traced back to Marxism, treats FDI as a vehicle for exploitation of domestic resources, industries and people. Those governments who hold a radical view are hostile to FDI and therefore are in favor of nationalizing foreign firm assets or putting into place mechanisms to discourage inbound foreign firms’ operations (Braconier et al. 2005, pp 313). The free market view, on the other hand, is more in favor of FDI and promotes its rationale not least because it enables countries to tap into their absolute or comparative advantages by specializing in the production of certain goods and services. According to the free market view, FDI can be regarded as a win-win situation for both home and host countr ies. While prior to and during the 1980s the radical-based view FDI was more common in Africa, Asia, Eastern Europe, and Latin America, the free market-based FDI is now more influential across the world and in particular in emerging economies such as Brazil, India, and China (Braunerhjelm 2005, pp. 119). Finally, the third view, which reflects the current dominant perspective toward FDI and is practiced by most countries around the world, is called pragmatic nationalism. Based on a pragmatic nationalism political view, FDI is only approved when its benefits outweigh its costs. For example, this view holds that FDI in the Chinese auto industry should only take the form of a joint venture (JV). By adopting such restrictive policies, the Chinese government helps the domestic auto industry learn from their foreign counterparts (Buckley and Hashai 2004, pp. 61). Theories of Foreign Direct Investment There are several theories that attempt to account for foreign aid. The prevailing ones include Dunning’s eclectic approach and the product cycle. John Dunning’s eclectic paradigm emphasizes the critical role of geographical location in understanding the complex nature of TNC behavior. The location aspect, as encapsulated in this theory, suggests three primary motivations: (1) foreign-market-seeking FDI, (2) Efficiency (cost reduction)-seeking FDI, and (3) resource-seeking or strategic-asset-seeking FDI. In general, a firm’s motivations to be transnational can be classified into two categories: (1) Market orientation, which pertains to marketing, sales, or production designed to serve a specific geographical market, and (2) Asset orientation, when most of the assets required by a firm to produce and sell specific goods and services have an uneven geographic distribution, especially in the natural resources industry. For a TNC to invest successfully abroad, it must possess advantages that no other firm has, the country it wishes to invest in should offer location advantages, and it must be capable of internalizing operations. Internalization tends to become synonymous with the ability of firms to exercise control over operations essential for the exploitation of ownership and location advantages (Yeung 2007, pp. 1). Raymond Vernon introduced the â€Å"locational† aspect to the product life cycle concept, which in the original form had no spatial connotation. First advanced in the mid 1960s, it emanated from the premise that the United States possessed comparative advantage in product innovation. To maximize production flexibility and minimize uncertainties in the early stages of a product’s life cycle, firms develop innovations for and introduce them to large high-income domestic markets but eventually set up foreign production facilities in other advanced economies to defend their monopolistic advantages resulting from an innovational lead. This also happens because, as products become more standardized, they get more price sensitive and firms turn to low-cost less developed countries (LDCs) to maximize profits. Vernon describes the phases as revolving around product development, product growth, product maturation, and product standardization. Impacts of FDI on Host Country Economies However, not all FDI is always in the best interest of the host country. Some nations have been increasingly viewing TNCs as a threat to economic autonomy. At times, they tend to be responsible for exerting negative influences on the host economy, for example, crowding out domestic firms and suppressing domestic enterprises. Profit maximization is inherently linked with maximization of efficiency and not necessarily with national, economic, and social goals. From the perspective of TNCs, various decisions have to be taken that can affect their effective working in the country—mainly since they operate in different economic, political, social, and cultural environments (Trevino and Upadhyaya 2003, pp. 45). A lot is said as to why firms choose to transnationalize rather than simply export their products. Two of the reasons commonly cited are that (1) Competition is extremely global and volatile and (2) It creates an environment wherein advantages are rapidly created and eroded. Firms increasingly compete not with rivals on a national level but across the globe. Higher sales and profits result from foreign subsidiaries because domestic markets, where the company started, tend to get saturated over time and it is fruitful to conquer foreign markets with more potential consumers than in the home country. The information technology revolution, which began in the United States in the 1980s, was an important source of structural change in the international economic and business environment affecting FDI. There was a sudden upsurge in asset-seeking direct investment in the United States. Foreign companies, chiefly European, were responsible for a gamut of mergers and acquisitions with U.S. companies—primarily with those possessing advanced technology or marketing prowess. The size and growth of the U.S. and Chinese markets have made these countries primary destinations for foreign companies using FDI as a stimulus for profits (Graham Marchick 2006, pp. 277 ). Importance of FDI FDI has been known to provide a longer-term contribution to GDP and income growth, as against bank loans and portfolio investments. The long-term perspective of FDI makes it relatively less volatile. FDI is considered to be an important carrier facilitating the spread of technology and is said to contribute to growth in a much wider way than domestic investment. The contribution of FDI is enhanced due to the interactions with human capital in the host country (Dunning Gugler 2008, pp. 113). Furthermore, FDI is said to expand the level of know-how in the host country through training and skill acquisition. Summarily, the four basic reasons why companies establish subsidiaries in foreign countries are (1) Gaining access to natural resources, (2) Protecting or expanding sales in lucrative markets, (3) Seeking low-cost production, and (4) Acquiring strategic assets. The United Nations, the European Union, and Japan have been the main sources and recipients of FDI for the past several decades. From 1998 to 2000, these three units together accounted for 75% of global FDI inflows. In totality, a country’s climate for FDI is built by factors such as relatively accommodative government policies—covering trade barriers and regulation of capital inflows; quality of governance; political stability; presence of laws and regulations; macroeconomic, fiscal, monetary, and industrial policies; and quality of infrastructure. Foreign Direct Investment in Emerging Economies The United States continues to be the largest FDI host country, with about US$2791.3 billion in 2007. The outward investment position increased to US$336.6 billion. Among the outward investments, about US$16.1 billion (3.1%) went to Ireland and US$4.2 billion (3%) to Singapore. Chart 1.1 China’s total foreign investments inflows According to U.S.-China Business Council, among emerging economies, China’s role as an investor country has been highlighted in the past few years. By 2004, China was the eighth most favored FDI source among developing countries. The liberalization of Chinese FDI policy in 1992 led to increased Chinese outward direct investment (ODI). The growth in Chinese ODI policy developments was driven by cautious internalization, government encouragement, expansion and regulation, implementation of a â€Å"go global† policy, and heightened domestic competitive pressures, which led to the opening up of protected industries and markets to foreign and domestic competitors (2008, pp. 81). A comparative advantage as a manufacturing hub and a firm-specific advantage such as state-ownership of a large part of an industry further stimulate this growth. Chinese ODI has been positively associated with Chinese exports to the host country (the former promoting the latter), a moderate demand of inflation, and rising levels of political risk in the host country. A distinctive feature that remains with China as against other emerging economies is that many of its multinational enterprises remain in state hands, although corporatized to focus on commercial objectives. Table 1.2 Top 10 FDI inflows. China’s overall FDI inflows stood at US$82.7 billion, an increase from US$69.47 billion. The top 10 FDI inflows were mainly from Hong Kong, the British islands, South Korea, Japan, Singapore, and the United States, amounting to about US$3 billion in 2006 and about US$2.62 billion in 2007. According to the Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) of the People’s Republic of China, the outbound nonfinancial FDI for the first half of 2007 reached US$7.8 billion, while for the full year in 2006; it was US$21.2 billion. Of this, 86% was provided by central government sources. Most of China’s ODI flowed to 172 destinations, which included Latin America and Asia. In India, the overall record of macroeconomic stability, a sizable domestic market, and a relatively high degree of political stability has attracted large volumes of FDI. The foreign investment in India during 2007–2008 was driven by FDI and portfolio investment inflows. FDI inflows in India increased from US$9.17 billion in 2005–2006 to US$22.95 billion in 2006–2007 and US$34.92 billion in 2007–2008. India emerged as the second most favored FDI destination after China in 2005 and 2006. During these years, investments through Mauritius remained the largest component, followed by Singapore, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands. Inflows from the United States stood at the sixth position at US$3.46 billion in 2005–2006, US$7.06 billion in 2006–2007, and US$4.86 billion in 2007–2008. Sectorwise, these inflows were mainly directed to financial services, construction, and manufacturing. On the other hand, ODIs from India increased from US$13.5 billion during 2006–2007 to US$17.9 billion during 2007–2008 and flowed mainly into the manufacturing sector (Dicken 2007, pp. 191). Within the European Union, Ireland is fast emerging as the most FDI-intensive economy in Europe and a global competitor to RD investment. Since the 1990s, Ireland’s economic development policies, which have encouraged Greenfield investments by foreign companies in manufacturing and service sectors so as to produce output for export markets, and the establishment of upstream linkages between foreign and indigenous companies and the creation of industrial clusters with them have stimulated an export-led growth of the manufacturing sector. In Singapore, another emerging FDI destination, the total ODI was recorded at US$406.7 billion in 2005 and US$484.1 billion in 2006. Financial services and manufacturing have been major draws for Singapore companies venturing abroad. In 2005 and 2006, Singapore invested about US$9.8 billion and US$8.5 billion in the U.S. market. The FDI inflow in Singapore was at US$323.8 billion and US$363.9 billion, the FDI inflow from the United States alone constituting about 10% of this inflow. The current scale, proliferation, and importance of collaborative ventures between firms across boundaries have brought out the significance of transnational strategic alliances between firms (especially competing firms). Strategic alliances are formal agreements between firms to pursue specific strategic objectives in order to enable them to achieve specific goals. It involves sharing of risks and rewards. For RD ventures, for example, cooperation is limited to research into new products and technologies, while manufacturing and marketing remain the responsibility of individual firms (Cohen 2007, pp. 171). Globalization, technological advances, and the emergence of new players have propelled a change in FDI movement. Globalization, by removing most of the natural and artificial barriers to cross-border information flows and transactions, has widened locational choice options for firms. By lowering transport, communication, and distribution costs, technological advances have helped overcome many obstacles to overcome space. Examples of Foreign Direct Investment Venture capital, seed capital, and other types of direct investment play an important role in the development of nanotechnology by providing the funding for entrepreneurs to develop commercial products based on the nanotechnology, and establish themselves as for-profit businesses. As of June 2009 the Website www.nanotech-now.com listed over 100 funding sources for nanotechnology businesses. An example of a seed capital firm is MMEI (Molecular Manufacturing Enterprises Incorporated), a privately held corporation that provides funding at the early stages of product development in molecular nanotechnology: for example, in developing a laboratory-bench model into a working prototype that could be used to attract venture capital. A different type of service is provided by Silicon Valley Nano Ventures: they help make connections between investors and businesses and charge fees for successful transactions that may include a percentage of the transaction and/or stock or options in the compan y. Foreign direct investment (FDI) is increasingly important in the global economy, but the term denotes more than simply a direct investment made by a foreign investor. Specifically, FDI refers to a case of a company in one country establishing an enterprise in another country—such as Coca-Cola opening a plant in Mexico, Volkswagen opening a factory in Detroit, Intel opening a chip fabrication plant in Taiwan, and so on. Foreign direct investment is a vital part of the economic relationships between countries, and in particular can be a key to attract for developing or industrializing countries. Though the largest amounts of capital are involved in direct foreign investment among the industrialized countries (or â€Å"Global North†), direct foreign investment from industrialized countries to developing countries (or â€Å"Global South†) is a matter of constant discussion among international bodies like the World Trade Organization, and is seen as (at least potentia lly) a beneficial arrangement for both sides (Aliber 2003, pp. 94). Typically, the subsidiary established by a foreign direct investor is a factory or other manifestation of the foreign company’s global presence, but it can include real estate holdings (and often does, in the case of businesses in the hotel and hospitality industry) and businesses unrelated to the foreign company’s ordinary business. Foreign ownership may not always be apparent to the public. In the United States, the public is generally not aware that national supermarket chains and major breweries are owned by foreign-based multinational corporations. Because foreign direct investment involves money coming into a nation’s economy from outside, there are often incentives offered by the local government to encourage it, particularly when the FDI does not pose a competitive threat to domestic industry. There may be tax incentives, special regulatory exceptions, or subsidies provided for job training in order to create domestic jobs and disincentives the importation of foreign employees or infrastructure subsidies (Cohen 2007, pp. 176). Singapore provides a good example of a government successfully attracting FDI to develop commercial nanotechnology. Singapore is a small and densely populated Asian nation with a strong central government and a high standard of living, but has not historically been known as a center of scientific innovation. In order to overcome this handicap and create a biotechnology industry able to compete with the United States and Europe, the Singapore government has been involved in establishing biomedical science centers since the 1980s, including the Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, whose current research projects include developing nanocomposite materials for solar cell applications and nanofoams to be used in human bone replacement and repair. Singapore has been successful in attracting foreign investment in these centers, in part through the provision of financial incentives, a strong infrastructure, regulatory policies that favor business and the availability of a well-edu cated workforce. Among the companies who have invested in the biomedical industry in Singapore are GlaxoSmith-Kline, Schering-Plough, Merck, Genencor, AstraZeneca, and Bristol Myers Squibb. Conclusion Foreign direct investments is a long-term capital flow or investment in which a non-resident entity has significant management control of voting stock (10% or more) over an enterprise in a foreign or host country. Unlike short-term capital flows, foreign direct investment (FDI) is not immediately susceptible to reversibility. The bulk of FDI activities in developing countries are undertaken by multinational or transnational corporations. A transnational corporation is a firm that is head quartered in a home country but controls assets of enterprises that are central to its profitability in foreign or host countries. References Aliber, R. (2003), the multinational paradigm. Cambridge: MIT Press, pp. 91-98 Borensztein, E., De Gregorio, J. , and Lee, J.-W. (2008), How does foreign direct investment affect economic growthJournal of International Economics vol. 45 pp. 115–135 Braconier, H., Norback, P., and Urban D. (2005), â€Å"Multinational Enterprises and Wage Costs: Vertical FDI Revisited,† Journal of International Economics v.67/2 , pp 313 Braunerhjelm, P., Oxelheim L., and Thulin P., (2005), â€Å"The Relationship between Domestic and Outward Foreign Direct Investment,† International Business Review v.14, pp. 119-131 Cohen, S. (2007). Multinational corporations and foreign direct investment: Avoiding simplicity, embracing complexity. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 171-77 Dicken, P. (2007). Global shift: Mapping the changing contours of the world economy. New York: Guilford Press, pp. 191-204 Dunning, J., Gugler, P. (2008), Foreign direct investment, location and competitiveness, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 113-119 Graham, E. , Marchick, D. (2006). US national security and foreign direct investment, Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 277 P. Buckley and N. Hashai (2004), â€Å"A Global System View of Firm Boundaries,† Journal of International Business Studies v.35, pp. 61-69 Trevino, L. and Upadhyaya, K. (2003), Foreign aid, FDI and economic growth: Evidence from Asian countries. Transnational Corporations vol. 12 pp. 45–72 U.S.-China Business Council, (2008), foreign investment in China, Washington, DC: Author, pp. 81 Yeung, H. (2007), from followers to market leaders: Asian electronic firms in the global economy, Asia Pacific Viewpoint vol. 48 pp. 1–25. How to cite Foreign Direct Investment, Essay examples

Steroids, Illegal or Not, a Quick Fix for Some Ath Essay Example For Students

Steroids, Illegal or Not, a Quick Fix for Some Ath Essay letesIssues of cheating or winning at any cost, are becoming more and more common among athletes of all ages and levels of ability. The use of steroids is one of the biggest issues in the current debate weather or not it is fair for drug-free athletes to have to compete with athletes that break the law and take illegal steroids. Allowing those with an unfair advantage to compete can pressure drug-free athletes to use anabolic steroids to remain competitive. In fact, some legal analysts have viewed this issue as a reason for an Anabolic Steroid Control Act, but does the Anabolic Steroid Control Act work? Whether providing criminal penalties for illegal steroid use is the proper and most effective way of dealing with the steroid problem has been debated for quite some time, but the Control Act has been found to deter trafficking, protects young people, and preserves fair competition in sports. The following exert is from an editorial by M.G. Di Pasquale concerning drugs and sports. Contrary to what most people believe (the medias irresponsible sensationalism has resulted in the widely held mistaken view that the use by athletes of anabolic steroids and other performance-enhancing drugs is a problem on par with heroin and cocaine abuse), the use of drugs, such as anabolic steroids, by athletes is a problem, not because of the addictive and dangerous side-effects of these compounds, but because these drugs offer an unfair advantage to the athletes who dont use them.Anabolic steroids were developed in Europe around 1930 to treat undernourished and healing patients after surgery. Anabolic steroids are a drug containing hormones which can be used to increase strength and promote muscle growth. Competitive weightlifters began using these steroids around the 1950s as a way to increase their athletic performance and gain an upper hand on the rest of their competitors. After its initial use in bodybuilding the drug spread like wildfire thought the rest of the sports world, ranging from sports in high school to professional athletes in the Olympic Games.The use of anabolic steroids has been on the rise in the last ten years. It has been estimated that at least 1 in 15 male, high school sports athletes have used steroids, which means more than a half-million high school athletes have used steroids. On the web site, www.steroidabuse.org, an article states There has been recent evidence suggesting that steroid abuse among adolescents is on the rise. A NIDA funded survey of drug abuse among adolescents in middle and high schools across the United States, estimated that 2. 7 percent of 8th- and 10th-graders and 2.9 percent of 12th-graders had taken anabolic steroids at least once in their lives. Steroids usually seem desirable at first, but there are serious side effects which accompany the very desirable effect of steroids. Excessive use may cause an imbalance in the users normal hormonal balance and body chemistry. Some of the many side affects are, but not limited to, heart attacks, water retention: which can lead to high blood pressure and stroke, and some liver and kidney tumors are also possible. But just as serious are the psychological effects of abusing steroids, they can include drastic mood swings, inability to sleep, and feelings of hostility. Steroids can also be physiologically addictive, and when started, users: particularly athletes, enjoy the physical benefits of increased size, strength, and endurance, some so much that they are reluctant to stop even when told about the risks. The Control Act has been of extremely lax in addressing the problem of elite athletes, who are almost never prosecuted under the Control Act. .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e , .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .postImageUrl , .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e , .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e:hover , .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e:visited , .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e:active { border:0!important; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e:active , .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ue4e4667946fd94f86dd16e4e126d437e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Aaron Burr Treason Trial Essay Although the remote possibility of criminal prosecution deters few if any Olympic and professional level athletes. Still the most effective way to remove anabolic steroids from competitive sports is through systematic drug testing. Athletes who fail the steroid test will be prohibited from competing. While testing for anabolic steroids is not perfect, it does remove, or at least identified steroid-users in their sports and also serves as the most effective deterrent to date. Serious athletes devote huge amounts of time, energy and resources into training for an event. The effect of drug testing for preventing steroid using athletes from competing, is both a more effective and more appropriate deterrent than the Control Acts threat of making overly ambitious athletes into convicted felons. A better solution to the problem is sorely needed and clearly the two greatest dangers in the use of anabolic steroids today are the use of tainted black market substances and there failure to be medically monitored and supervised. Anabolic steroids would also need to be restricted to non-competing adults, and non-physicians caught trafficking in steroids, especially selling steroids to minors, would be subjected to stiff criminal actions. There are obvious political hurdles standing in the way of all solutions, but Congress and law enforcement authorities would have to accept that fact some adults, who are not competitive athletes, would in theory, be legally able to use anabolic steroids for cosmetic and physique enhancement under the supervision of a qualified physician. However with the current trend of unsupervised and self-administered steroids, and the use of potentially dangerous black market products, the steroid problem and their use by athletes is only going to become infinitely worse. Works CitedThe National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). Alan I. Leshner, Ph.D. 14 April. 2000. DirectorNational Institute on Drug Abuse. ;http://www.steroidabuse.org;Why Athletes Use Drugs. Editorial. Drugs in Sports Feb. 1992, (Vol. 1, Number 1. ) M.G. Di Pasquale.